The
Viceroy of Zhili, fully referred to in Chinese as the
Governor-General of Zhili and Surrounding Areas Overseeing Military Affairs and Food Production, Manager of Waterways, Director of Civil Affairs, was one of eight regional Viceroys in China proper during the
Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Zhili was an important post because the province of Zhili, which literally means "directly ruled", was the area surrounding the imperial capital, Beijing. The administrative centre was in Tianjin even though the provincial capital was in Baoding. The Viceroy's duties as well as responsibilities have never been defined entirely. Generally speaking, the Viceroy oversaw the military and civil affairs of Zhili, Shandong and Henan provinces. The Viceroy of Zhili was also highly influential in imperial court politics.
Read more...: History List of Viceroys of Zhili
History
The office was first created on 30 September 1649 during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor, but was later abolished on 1 June 1658. On 23 November 1661, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, the office was recreated, however abolished again later on 28 July 1669. After the Yongzheng Emperor restored it on 14 December 1724, the office had remained in place until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
From 1870 onwards, the Viceroy of Zhili concurrently held the position of "Beiyang Trade Minister" (北洋通商大臣); cf. "Nanyang Trade Minister" (南洋通商大臣) held by the Viceroy of Liangjiang.
47 people had held the position from 1649 to 1912. Among them, the more notable ones included Li Wei, Tang Zhiyu, Fang Guancheng, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Ronglu and Yuan Shikai. Li Hongzhang, in particular, held the office for about 25 years in total during the height of his political career.
List of Viceroys of Zhili
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直隸總督（ᡷᡳᠯᡳ ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ|v=jyli uheri kadalara amban），正式官銜為
總督直隸等處地方，提督軍務、糧饟、管理河道兼巡撫事，是
清朝9位最高級的封疆大臣之一，總管直隸的軍民政務，總督署駐直隸省保定府城（今保定市蓮池區）。而由於直隸省地處京畿要地，因此直隸總督被稱為疆臣之首。直隸總督例兼兵部右尚書右都御史，可直接上奏皇帝。
Read more...: 沿革 歷任總督
沿革
• 直隸總督的前身是設于順治五年的直隸山東河南三省總督，當時預定的總督府設在直隸大名府（今邯鄲市大名縣）。
• 順治十五年，降為直隸巡撫。
• 順治十八年，復置直隸總督一職，駐地依舊位于大名。
• 康熙八年裁撤總督一職。
• 雍正元年，重設直隸總督一職。駐地為保定。建立保定直隸總督轅門。
• 乾隆十四年，直隸總督兼管黃河的防汛和治理工作。
• 乾隆二十八年，直隸總督兼任直隸省巡撫。
• 咸豐三年，長蘆鹽場的鹽政劃歸直隸總督直轄。
• 同治九年，清廷將天津、營口和煙台三個口岸的通商事宜，劃歸直隸總督管理，並將北洋通商大臣一銜授與直隸總督。
• 自此直隸總督多駐在天津，在冬天外貿淡季，才回到保定。天津直隸總督衙門舊址辛亥革命後改為直隸省（河北省）政府駐地。1937年遭日軍轟炸，成為廢墟。中華人民共和國成立後，天津市政府在廢墟上新建金鋼公園，改建第二醫院。保定直隸總督衙門舊址現保存基本完好。
歷任總督
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