Background

Yuan Shanjian was born in 524. His father Yuan Dan (元亶) the Prince of Qinghe was a son of the well-regarded Yuan Yi (元懌), also Prince of Qinghe and a son of Emperor Xiaowen. His mother Princess Hu was Yuan Dan's wife and was a granddaughter of Hu Zhen (胡真), an uncle of Emperor Xiaoming's mother Empress Dowager Hu. Yuan Shanjian was Yuan Dan's oldest son, and was his heir apparent.

In 534, Emperor Xiaowu, a cousin of Yuan Shanjian's father Yuan Dan, seeking to resist the control of the paramount general Gao Huan, entered into an alliance with independent generals Yuwen Tai and Heba Sheng (賀拔勝). When Gao, in response, marched toward the capital Luoyang, Emperor Xiaowu fled to Yuwen's territory. Yuan Dan initially joined Emperor Xiaowu on his flight, but quickly abandoned Emperor Xiaowu and returned to Luoyang. After Gao entered Luoyang, he had Yuan Dan assume acting imperial powers, and Yuan Dan began to become arrogant, viewing himself as the next emperor. Gao, who was in fact looking for a new emperor to replace Emperor Xiaowu, felt that Yuan Dan was inappropriate, and therefore, under the excuse that a cousin should not succeed another, chose Yuan Shanjian and declared him emperor (as Emperor Xiaojing). (Yuan Dan, in embarrassment and fear, tried to flee south, presumably to rival Liang Dynasty, but Gao tracked him down and brought him back to Luoyang.) This formally divided Northern Wei into Eastern Wei (with Emperor Xiaojing as emperor) and Western Wei (with Emperor Xiaowu as Emperor).

During Gao Huans lifetime

Gao Huan, believing that Luoyang was too close to the borders of Western Wei and Liang, moved the capital to Yecheng, an important city firmly under his control. Viewing Emperor Xiaowu's flight as a blot on his person, Gao publicly showed Emperor Xiaojing the utmost respect for the rest of his life, and Gao's subordinates did not dare not to follow suit, although actual authority rested in the hands of Gao and other officials Gao delegated authority to. Gao also made repeated attempts to conquer Western Wei to reunify Northern Wei, but each time was repelled by Yuwen Tai or other Western Wei generals. Gao mostly remained at his headquarters in Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), but made occasional visits to Yecheng. In 536, Gao put his son, Gao Cheng, in charge of the Eastern Wei government. Late that year, Emperor Xiaojing's father Yuan Dan died, and according to some historians (but not all), Gao assassinated him.

Emperor Xiaojing, as he grew, was described to be handsome and strong, capable of jumping over a fence while holding a stone lion. He was also said to be skillful at horseriding, archery, and literature. People compared him to his famed ancestor, Emperor Xiaowen.

In 539, Emperor Xiaojing took Gao Huan's second daughter as his empress.

In 544, Gao Cheng, wanting to place a trusted official to keep watch on Emperor Xiaojing, made his associate Cui Jishu (崔季舒) Emperor Xiaojing's secretary. However, Emperor Xiaojing had a cordial relationship with Cui, who often revised submissions Gao made to Emperor Xiaojing and edicts Emperor Xiaojing issued to Gao Huan and Gao Cheng, to improve the style and content. Emperor Xiaojing frequently made the comment, "Cui is my wet nurse."

In 545, pursuant to Gao Huan's request, Emperor Xiaojing took the cousin of the khan of Tuyuhun, Murong Kualü (慕容夸呂), as a concubine, to try to enhance the relationship with Tuyuhun.

In 547, Gao Huan died, and Gao Cheng took over full power of the government.

During Gao Chengs regency

In light of Gao Huan's death, the general Hou Jing, who did not respect Gao Cheng, first surrendered the 13 provinces he controlled (the region between the Huai River and Yellow River) to Western Wei, and then to Liang. Gao Cheng's general Murong Shaozong (慕容紹宗), however, defeated both Xiao Yuanming – nephew of Liang's Emperor Wu, whom Emperor Wu sent to assist Hou – and Hou, capturing Xiao Yuanming and forcing Hou to flee to Liang. By 548, all but four provinces (which Western Wei took) were back under Eastern Wei control, and by 549, Eastern Wei had recaptured those provinces as well, after Gao Cheng captured Changshe (長社, in modern Xuchang, Henan).

Meanwhile, during the campaign against Hou, a conflict between Gao Cheng and Emperor Xiaojing would erupt. Gao Cheng was not as respectful to Emperor Xiaojing as Gao Huan was, and he ordered Cui Jishu to intensify his surveillance of Emperor Xiaojing. On one occasion, when Gao Cheng was attending a feast, he flashed a cup before Emperor Xiaojing as a toast – a very disrespectful gesture, as a subordinate, when toasting the emperor, was supposed to kneel. Emperor Xiaojing became angry, and remarked, "There is no such thing as an everlasting empire. Zhen the pronoun used by the emperor to refer to himself) do not necessarily treasure my life!" Gao Cheng angrily responded, "Zhen, zhen, zhen! You are a zhen with dog feet!" He ordered Cui to punch Emperor Xiaojing three times, and then left abruptly. Emperor Xiaojing thereafter entered into a conspiracy with his teacher Xun Ji (荀濟), Yuan Jin (元瑾), Liu Siyi (劉思逸), Yuan Daqi (元大器) the Prince of Huashan, Yuan Xuanhong (元宣洪) the Prince of Huainan, and Yuan Hui (元徽) the Prince of Jibei to consider overthrowing Gao Cheng. They dug a tunnel from within the palace to the outside of the city, intending to create a secret passage for imperial guards to go through, but the tunnel was discovered, and Gao Cheng entered the palace with his troops, arresting Emperor Xiaojing, putting him under house arrest, and executing the other members of the conspiracy.

In spring 549, Emperor Xiaojing was forced to create Gao Cheng the greater title of Prince of Qi, and give him the honorific office of Xiangguo (相國), both signifying a move toward Gao's taking of the throne. Gao Cheng formally declined these honors, and further made a formal request for Emperor Xiaojing to create a son as crown prince. Subsequently, in fall 549, Emperor Xiaojing created his son Yuan Zhangren (元長仁) crown prince. (It is not known whether Yuan Zhangren's mother was Empress Gao.)

Also in fall 549, Gao Cheng was meeting Chen Yuankang (陳元康), Yang Yin, and Cui Jishu, to secretly discuss the timeframe in which to take the throne, when his servant Lan Jing (蘭京) – a son of the Liang general Lan Qin (蘭欽) Gao Cheng captured in battle, and whom Gao Cheng had repeatedly threatened to kill – assassinated Gao Cheng and Chen. Gao Cheng's brother Gao Yang the Duke of Taiyuan, who was also in Yecheng at the time, killed Lan Jing and his associates, and publicly declared only that Gao Cheng had been wounded. Emperor Xiaojing, however, believed that Gao Cheng was dead, and secretly made the remark, "It is heaven's will that the Grand Marshal Dà Jiāngjūn, Gao Cheng's title at that time) is dead. The power to rule should return to the imperial clan."

During Gao Yangs regency

Gao Yang, however, quickly moved to consolidate power. He made a quick show of force, marching his personal guards of 8,000 men into the palace, and stating to Emperor Xiaojing that he was going to Jinyang – where the military headquarters were. Emperor Xiaojing, seeing Gao Yang's intent on keeping power, turned pale and stated, "This man does not appear any more tolerant of me. I do not know when I will die." Gao Yang set up his headquarters in Jinyang, intending to control the military, and in spring 550, Gao Yang had Emperor Xiaojing create him the Prince of Qi Commandery – a slightly lesser title than the one that his brother declined before his death. Just two months later, Gao Yang's title was changed to Prince of Qi.

Meanwhile, Gao Yang's associate Gao Dezheng (高德政) was trying to persuade him to seize the throne. In summer 550, Gao Yang agreed, and he started advancing toward Yecheng, while sending Gao Dezheng to Yecheng to try to force the issue. Emperor Xiaojing bestowed Gao Yang the nine bestowments – the traditional penultimate step before abdication. After Gao Yang arrived in Yecheng, with the officials Pan Le (潘樂), Zhang Liang (張亮), and Zhao Yanshen (趙彥深) sent by Gao Yang to request his abdication, Emperor Xiaojing did so, yielding the throne to Gao Yang, who established Northern Qi (as its Emperor Wenxuan).

After removal from power

The new Emperor Wenxuan created the former emperor the Prince of Zhongshan, and gave him the special treatment of not having to declare himself a subject of the new emperor. He created his sister, the former empress, the Princess Taiyuan. The former emperor resided with the princess, and the princess, worried that her brother might do her husband harm, kept close watch on her husband, often tasting his food to make sure that it was not poisoned.

However, Emperor Wenxuan was apprehensive of the former emperor. Around the new year 552, Emperor Wenxuan invited the Princess Taiyuan to a feast inside the palace. As soon as she left her residence, Emperor Wenxuan sent assassins to force the former emperor to drink poisoned wine, and also killed his three sons. Emperor Wenxuan gave the former emperor the posthumous name of Xiaojing, and also buried him with imperial honors. However, at a later time, for reasons unknown, Emperor Wenxuan opened up the tomb and threw Emperor Xiaojing's casket into the Zhang River (漳水).

Era names

• Tianping (天平 tiān píng) 534–537

• Yuanxiang (元象 yuán xiàng) 538–539

• Xinghe (興和 xīng hé) 539–542

• Wuding (武定 wǔ dìng) 543–550

Family

Father

• Yuan Dan (元亶) (d. 536), Prince Wenxuan of Qinghe, son of Yuan Yi (元懌) Prince Wenxian of Qinghe, son of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei

Mother

• Princess Hu, Yuan Dan's wife

Wife

• Empress Gao (created 539), daughter of Gao Huan

Major Concubines

• Consort Murong, cousin of Tuyuhun's khan Murong Kualü (慕容夸呂)

• Consort Li, later concubine of Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi

Children

• Yuan Zhangren (元長仁), the Crown Prince (created 549, killed by Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi 552)

• Two other sons, also killed by Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi 552

生平

魏孝靜帝出生于公元524年。

永熙三年（西元534年）七月，魏孝武帝從洛陽出逃，投靠在長安的宇文泰。元善見父元亶原本自以為可以被權臣高歡擁立為帝，但十月，高歡和百僚詳細商議後，決定立元善見為皇帝，承嗣魏孝明帝元詡。即位於鄴城東北，改元天平，東魏正式建立，年僅十一歲。由於年幼，由高歡輔政。

高歡善於玩弄權術，權傾朝野，令孝靜帝天天都提心吊膽，對高歡頗為畏懼。高歡雖屢敗於勁敵西魏宇文泰，但一直把持權力。而高歡死後，其子高澄承繼父職，權勢更大。孝靜帝在鄴城東打獵，騎馬疾馳，監衛都督從後叫：「天子不要馳馬，高澄發怒。」；高澄侍飲，舉起大酒杯勸酒，孝靜帝不悅說「自古無不亡之國，朕何需要這樣活著？」，被高澄令手下崔季舒打了三拳。孝靜帝與荀濟等密謀要刺殺高澄，但事蹟敗露，高澄帶兵入宮，指責孝靜帝謀反，孝靜帝駁斥，高澄痛哭謝罪，與孝靜帝痛飲到深夜，但三天後就將孝靜帝幽禁于含章堂而將荀濟等烹殺于市。公元549年，高洋再繼任父兄之職，他見篡魏之時機已到，於次年迫帝禪位於己，改國號「齊」，東魏亡。

北齊封元善見為中山王，邑一萬戶；上書不稱臣，答不稱詔，載天子旌旗，行魏正朔，乘五時副車；封王諸子為縣公，邑各一千戶；奉絹三萬匹，錢一千萬，粟二萬石，奴婢三百人，水碾一具，田百頃，園一所；於中山國立魏宗廟。

天保二年十二月己酉（552年1月21日），高洋灌醉元善見的妻子高皇后（太原長公主），派人用毒酒毒死了元善見，又殺死了他的三個兒子，元善見時年28歲。

天保三年二月，北齊上謚號孝靜皇帝，將元善見葬于鄴縣漳河以北。他的陵墓曾經被發掘。

孝靜帝文武雙全，自幼聰明，能洞悉先機，且好文學，美容儀。力能挾石獅子以逾牆，射無不中。嘉辰宴會，多命群臣賦詩，從容沉雅，有孝文風。

經濟政策

天平初年，考慮到各地移民尚未建立起家業，孝靜帝詔令政府支付一百三十萬石的粟加以救助。天平三年秋，並、肆、汾、建、晉、泰、陝、東雍、南汾等州遇到旱災，饑民開始逃荒，直到天平四年才下詔救濟，死于饑荒者眾多。孝靜帝時期，政府在沿海地區設置煮鹽灶，滄州有灶一千四百八十四，瀛州有四百五十二灶，幽州有一百八十灶，青州有五百四十六灶，邯鄲有四個灶。每年可產鹽二十萬九千七百二斛四升，國家從中得益不少。

家庭

曾祖父母

• 魏孝文帝元宏

• 河南羅氏，清河王太妃，使持節、侍中、鎮東將軍、青州刺史羅雲之女

生祖父母

• 元懌，相國、清河文獻王

• 河南羅氏，使持節、撫軍將軍、濟袞二州刺史羅蓋之女

生父母

• 元亶，相國、清河文宣王

• 胡智，使持節、散騎常侍、右將軍、都督岐涇雍三州諸軍事、雍州刺史、臨涇孝穆公胡寧之女

嗣父

• 魏孝明帝

兄弟姐妹

• 元景植，東魏驃騎大將軍、光祿勛、開府儀同三司、宜陽孝武王

• 河南公主，嫁潁川崔祖昴，散騎常侍、光祿勛、武津縣公

• 馮翊公主，嫁勃海高澄，侍中、尚書令、領軍、開府儀同三司、勃海王世子

• 元威，東魏驃騎大將軍、儀同三司、清河王

• 元謙，東魏驃騎大將軍、儀同三司、潁川王

后妃

• 高皇后，高歡次女

• 胡夫人

• 李嬪，後為北齊武成帝高湛妃

• 容華嬪，吐谷渾氏，吐谷渾可汗誇呂堂妹

兒子

• 元長仁等三子