Early career

Zhang Fei was from Zhuo Commandery. In the 180s, towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, he and Guan Yu became Liu Bei's followers. As Guan Yu was many years older than Zhang Fei, Zhang regarded him as an elder brother.

When Liu Bei was later appointed as the Chancellor of Pingyuan State by the Han central government, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu served as Majors of Separate Command under him. The three of them shared a brotherly-like relationship, to the point of sharing the same room. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu also stood guard beside Liu Bei when he sat down at meetings. They followed him on his exploits and protected him from danger.

Conflict between Liu Bei and Lü Bu

In 194, Liu Bei succeeded Tao Qian as the Governor of Xu Province. The following year, he led his forces to Huaiyin County, to counter an invasion by Yuan Shu. During this time, he left Zhang Fei behind to guard Xiapi, the capital of Xu Province.

Zhang Fei wanted to kill Cao Bao, a former officer under Tao Qian, for reasons unknown. Cao Bao fled back to his own camp and set up defences while sending a messenger to request aid from Lü Bu, another warlord who was taking shelter under Liu Bei at the time. Lü Bu led his forces to attack Xiapi and succeeded in seizing control of Xiapi. Zhang Fei fled after losing Xiapi to Lü Bu.

Liu Bei returned to Xu Province, which was now under Lü Bu's control, and reluctantly accepted Lü Bu's offer to move to Xiaopei while Lü Bu remained in Xiapi. Tensions between Liu Bei and Lü Bu increased until the point of conflict. Liu Bei sought help from Cao Cao, a warlord who controlled the Han central government. Cao Cao and Liu Bei combined forces and defeated Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi in 198, after which they returned to the imperial capital Xu together. In Xu, Zhang Fei was appointed as a General of the Household (中郎將).

Roaming the land with Liu Bei

In 199, Liu Bei pretended to volunteer to lead an army to attack Yuan Shu, and used that opportunity to leave Xu and escape from Cao Cao's watch. He headed to Xu Province, killed Che Zhou, the provincial governor appointed by Cao Cao, and seized control of Xiapi again. The following year, Cao Cao personally led his forces to attack Liu Bei, defeated him, and took back control of Xu Province. After his defeat, Liu Bei fled to Ji Province, where he took refuge under Cao Cao's rival, Yuan Shao.

Liu Bei later left Yuan Shao by pretending to help Yuan Shao gain support from local rebels in Runan in his war against Cao Cao. He eventually found shelter under Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province. Liu Biao put him in charge of Xinye County on the northern border of Jing Province.

It is not known whether Zhang Fei followed Liu Bei to join Yuan Shao after Liu Bei's defeat in Xu Province, or whether he, like Guan Yu, was separated from Liu Bei during that period of time.

Red Cliffs campaign

Battle of Changban

In 208, following Liu Biao's death, Cao Cao launched a military campaign aimed at wiping out opposing forces in Jing Province and the Jiangdong (or Wu) region. In the meantime, Liu Bei evacuated Xinye County and led his followers towards Xiakou, which was controlled by Liu Biao's elder son, Liu Qi.

Cao Cao was worried that Liu Bei would occupy Jiangling County, which was abundant in military resources, before he did. He immediately ordered his troops to leave behind their heavy equipment and baggage, and move swiftly to Xiangyang. When Cao Cao reached Xiangyang, Liu Biao's younger son and successor, Liu Cong, surrendered to him without putting up resistance. After learning that Liu Bei had already passed by Xiangyang, Cao Cao personally led a 5,000-strong elite cavalry force to pursue Liu Bei. After travelling over 300 li in just one day and one night, Cao Cao and his riders caught up with Liu Bei at Changban and attacked him. During the battle, Liu Bei abandoned his family and fled, with only Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and a small number of soldiers accompanying him. Cao Cao's forces captured many of Liu Bei's followers and his equipment.

Zhang Fei led 20 horsemen to cover Liu Bei's retreat. After destroying a bridge, he stood guard at one end (facing the enemy), brandished his spear, glared at the enemy and shouted: "I'm Zhang Yide. You can come forth and fight me to the death!" Cao Cao's soldiers were all afraid and did not dare to approach him. Liu Bei and his followers were hence able to retreat safely.

Battle of Red Cliffs and after

In 208, Liu Bei and Sun Quan combined forces and defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. Liu Bei later took control of southern Jing Province, with his headquarters at Nan Commandery and Gong'an County. Zhang Fei was appointed General Who Attacks Barbarians (征虜將軍) and Administrator (太守) of Yidu Commandery. He was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Xin Village (新亭侯). He was later reassigned to serve as the Administrator of Nan Commandery.

Yi Province campaign

Earlier defence of Jing Province

In 211, Liu Bei led an army to Yi Province to assist the governor Liu Zhang in countering the advances of a rival warlord, Zhang Lu of Hanzhong Commandery. He left Zhang Fei and others behind to guard Jing Province in his absence. Earlier in 209, Liu Bei married Sun Quan's younger sister Lady Sun to strengthen the alliance between him and Sun Quan. Because of her brother's strong influence, Lady Sun was arrogant and she allowed her close aides to behave lawlessly. Even Liu Bei was afraid of her. When Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei had left for Yi Province, he sent a vessel to Jing Province to fetch his sister home. Lady Sun attempted to bring along Liu Bei's son Liu Shan with her, but Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun led their men to stop her and managed to retrieve Liu Shan.

Conquest of Yi Province

Around 212, relations between Liu Bei and Liu Zhang deteriorated to the point of conflict, when Liu Bei started a campaign aimed at seizing Yi Province from Liu Zhang. Liu Bei ordered Zhuge Liang, Zhao Yun, Zhang Fei and others to lead reinforcements into Yi Province to help him, while Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jing Province.

Along the way, Zhang Fei attacked Jiangzhou, which was defended by Yan Yan, a military officer serving under Liu Zhang. He defeated Yan Yan and captured him alive. Zhang Fei asked Yan Yan: "When my army showed up, why did you put up resistance instead of surrendering?" Yan Yan replied: "You people launched an unwarranted attack on my home province. There may be generals in my province who will lose their heads, but there are none who will surrender." Zhang Fei was enraged and he ordered Yan Yan's execution. An expressionless Yan Yan asked: "If you want to chop off my head, then do it! What's with that outburst of anger?" Zhang Fei was so impressed with Yan Yan's courage that he released him and treated him like an honoured guest.

Zhang Fei's army then proceeded to break through Liu Zhang's defences until they reached Chengdu (Yi Province's capital), where they rendezvoused with Liu Bei and the others. In 214, Liu Zhang surrendered and yielded Yi Province to Liu Bei. Liu Bei rewarded Zhuge Liang, Fa Zheng, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu each with 500 jin of gold, 1,000 jin of silver, 50 million coins and 1,000 rolls of silk. Zhang Fei was also appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Baxi Commandery.

Hanzhong Campaign

Battle of Baxi

In around 215, Cao Cao attacked and defeated Zhang Lu, after which Hanzhong Commandery came under his control. Cao Cao left Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and others behind to defend Hanzhong while he returned to Ye.

During that time, Zhang He led his forces to attack Baxi Commandery with the aim of forcing Baxi's residents to relocate to Hanzhong Commandery. His army passed through Dangqu (宕渠), Mengtou (蒙頭) and Dangshi (盪石) counties, and encountered Zhang Fei's troops. Both sides held their positions for over 50 days, after which Zhang Fei led about 10,000 elite soldiers and took an alternative route to attack Zhang He. As the mountain paths were very narrow and inaccessible, Zhang He's army was effectively divided into two because the troops at the front and the rear were unable to contact and assist each other, resulting in a victory for Zhang Fei. Zhang He and about ten of his men escaped on foot through a shortcut and retreated back to Nanzheng. Peace was restored in Baxi Commandery.

Conquest of Hanzhong

In 217, Liu Bei mobilised his forces and personally led a campaign to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from Cao Cao. He ordered Zhang Fei and Ma Chao to supervise Wu Lan, Lei Tong (雷銅) and Ren Kui (任夔) to attack Wudu Commandery, which was defended by Cao Hong. Zhang Fei attempted to trick Cao Hong into believing that they were planning to seal his retreat route, but Cao Xiu saw through the ruse, and Zhang suffered a defeat which absolved him from continuing the campaign – Lei Tong and Ren Kui were killed in action while Wu Lan fled to Yinping Commandery (陰平郡) and was killed by a Di chieftain, Qiangduan (強端).

In 219, Liu Bei emerged victorious in the Hanzhong Campaign and proclaimed himself "King of Hanzhong" (漢中王). He appointed Zhang Fei as General of the Right (右將軍). Liu Bei later planned to return to Chengdu and he wanted to leave a veteran general behind to guard Hanzhong. Many people believed that Zhang Fei would receive this responsibility and even Zhang Fei himself thought so too. However, to everyone's surprise, Liu Bei chose Wei Yan instead and appointed him as the Administrator of Hanzhong.

Service in Shu Han

In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu Han. He promoted Zhang Fei to General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) and Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隸校尉), and enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Xi District.

Liu Bei sent an imperial edict to Zhang Fei as follows:

Death

Earlier in late 219, Sun Quan broke his alliance with Liu Bei and sent his general Lü Meng to lead an invasion of Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province, which resulted in the death of Guan Yu. Around July or August 221, Liu Bei launched a campaign against Sun Quan to take revenge and seize back his territories in Jing Province. Zhang Fei was ordered to lead 10,000 troops from Langzhong to rendezvous with Liu Bei's main force at Jiangzhou.

During the mobilisation, Zhang Fei's subordinates Fan Qiang (范彊) and Zhang Da assassinated their commander, decapitated the corpse, and brought it along with them as they defected to Sun Quan's side.

When Liu Bei heard that Zhang Fei's adjutant had sent him a report, he exclaimed: "Oh! (Zhang) Fei is dead."

In October or November 260, Liu Bei's son and successor Liu Shan granted Zhang Fei the posthumous name "Marquis Huan" (桓侯).

Family and descendants

In the year 200, Zhang Fei chanced upon Xiahou Yuan's niece while she was out gathering firewood and abducted her. She was 12 or 13 years old at the time. Zhang Fei knew that she was of good upbringing, so he married her. She bore him a daughter, who later married Liu Shan and became known as Empress Jing'ai of the state of Shu. Empress Jing'ai had a younger sister who also married Liu Shan and was known as Empress Zhang.

Zhang Fei's eldest son, Zhang Bao, died at a young age. Zhang Bao's son, Zhang Zun, served as a Master of Writing (尚書). In 263, during the Conquest of Shu by Wei, he followed Zhuge Zhan to defend Mianzhu from the Wei general Deng Ai but was killed in action.

Zhang Fei's second son, Zhang Shao, inherited his father's marquis title and served as a Palace Attendant (侍中) and Supervisor of the Masters of Writing (尚書僕射) in Shu. In 263, the Shu emperor Liu Shan ordered Zhang Shao, Qiao Zhou and Deng Liang (鄧良) to represent him when he officially surrendered to Deng Ai and brought an end to the Shu regime. After the fall of Shu, Zhang Shao accompanied Liu Shan to the Wei capital Luoyang, where he was enfeoffed as a marquis along with other former Shu officials.

Appraisal

Chen Shou, who wrote Zhang Fei's biography in the Sanguozhi, commented on the latter as follows: "Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were referred to as mighty warriors capable of fighting thousands of enemies. They were like tigers among (Liu Bei's) subjects. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei both had the style of a guoshi. Guan Yu repaid Cao Cao's kindness while Zhang Fei released Yan Yan out of righteousness. However, Guan Yu was unrelenting and conceited while Zhang Fei was brutal and heartless. These shortcomings resulted in their downfalls. This was not something uncommon."

Cheng Yu, an adviser to Cao Cao, also once mentioned that Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were "capable of fighting thousands of enemies". In the main text of Zhang Fei's biography, Chen Shou wrote that Zhang Fei respected virtuous persons and detested those of vile character. Liu Bei had constantly warned Zhang Fei about his barbaric behaviour as he once told the latter: "You have dealt out far too excessive punishments. You often flog your men, who are actually the ones who will carry out your orders. Your behaviour will get you into trouble." Zhang Fei still did not change his ways.

The Australian sinologist Rafe de Crespigny commented: "There are anecdotes describing Zhang Fei as a man of literary tastes who composed verse in the midst of battle, but he is more generally known as arrogant, impetuous and brutal. While Guan Yu was said to be harsh towards men of the gentry but treated his soldiers well, Zhang Fei was courteous towards the virtuous but cruel to his rank and file. The two men were nonetheless regarded as the finest fighting men of their lifetime."

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

In the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhang Fei's physical appearance was described in the following: eight spans tall (身高八尺), had a head of a panther's and huge round eyes (豹頭環眼), a swallow's jowls and a tiger's beard（燕頷虎鬚)，a voice like thunder and a stance of a dashing horse (聲若巨雷 勢如奔馬). Zhang Fei's courtesy name is written as 翼德 in Chinese instead of 益德, but both names have the same pronunciation in Mandarin. Zhang Fei was also described to be an alcoholic, and his obsession with alcohol caused his judgment to be affected from time to time. Throughout the novel, Zhang Fei was shown as an exceedingly loyal and formidable warrior, but also a short-tempered man, who often got into trouble more often when he was not on the battlefield. His weapon was a "1.8 zhang long steel spear" (丈八點鋼矛), which was also called a "1.8 zhang long serpent spear" (丈八蛇矛) because its head was shaped like a snake.

See the following for some fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving Zhang Fei:

• Oath of the Peach Garden

• List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Zhang Fei thrashes the imperial inspector

• Battle of Hulao Pass

• Battle of Changban#In fiction

• Battle of Jiameng Pass

In popular culture

Zhang Fei sometimes appears as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples, partnered with Guan Yu.

Zhang Fei appears on the Kunqu stage as a hualian. In one particular famous scene, The Swaying Reeds, Zhang Fei ambushes and humiliates Zhou Yu before setting him free.

Zhang Fakui, a general in the National Revolutionary Army, was nicknamed "Zhang Fei". In 1959, Peng Dehuai, a marshal of the People's Liberation Army, identified himself with Zhang Fei. Because Mao Zedong was popularly associated with Cao Cao, Mao and other members of the Chinese Communist Party interpreted Peng's identification with Zhang as confrontational, eventually leading to Mao ending Peng's career.

Notable actors who have portrayed Zhang Fei in films and television series include: Li Jingfei in Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1994); Chen Zhihui in Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon (2008); Zang Jinsheng in Red Cliff (2008–09); Kang Kai in Three Kingdoms (2010); Justin Cheung in Dynasty Warriors (2019).

Zhang Fei is featured as a playable character in all instalments of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series, as well as Warriors Orochi, a crossover between Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors. He also appears in other video games produced by Koei, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Dynasty Tactics and Kessen II. Other non-Koei titles that he is featured in include Heroes Evolved, Clash of Kingdoms, Three Kingdoms: Fate of the Dragon, Destiny of an Emperor and Koihime Musō.

The creative nonfiction travel essay 'Facing Zhang Fei: Hero or Villain or Man' featured in The Bangalore Review (April 2020). The narrative follows the movements of Australian writer Dean Kerrison in the ancient town Langzhong, Sichuan, which Zhang Fei governed and died in. The piece mixes insights of contemporary Chinese culture, critique relating to Zhang Fei and the Three Kingdoms period, and the theme of heroism including relevant personal anecdotes.

In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering, there is a card named "Zhang Fei, Fierce Warrior" in the Portal Three Kingdoms set.

The Pokémon Emboar was based on Zhang Fei.

生平

早年經歷

漢靈帝中平元年（184年），與關羽在涿郡跟隨劉備起兵，隨從周旋，不避艱險。關羽年長張飛數歲，張飛事之如兄。劉備領平原相，關羽、張飛皆為別部司馬，分統部曲。三人寢則同床，恩若兄弟。漢獻帝興平元（194）年，劉備領徐州牧，以張飛為司馬。建安元年（196年），左將軍袁術不忿劉備據有徐州，自淮南來攻，兩軍在盱眙、淮陰相持，張飛留守下邳。下邳相曹豹與張飛不和，勾結當時正寄寓在徐州的奮武將軍呂布襲取下邳。張飛殺曹豹，引起丹楊兵叛變，中郎將許耽開門引呂布入城。劉備將士在前方聽說家屬被俘，軍無戰心，不得已而投降呂布。呂布將劉備安置在小沛，而劉備兵力逐漸恢復到萬餘人，引起呂布警覺，于是再次進攻劉備，劉備西奔司空曹操。曹操表薦劉備為豫州牧，讓他繼續在小沛牽制呂布。建安三年（198年），曹操東征，消滅呂布，表薦劉備為左將軍，關羽、張飛為中郎將。劉備與車騎將軍董承等受漢獻帝衣帶詔，密謀誅殺曹操。建安四年（199年），僭號稱帝的袁術因為勢力衰弱，打算北投堂兄大將軍袁紹，劉備主動請纓去徐州截擊袁術，會袁術病死，所部依附廬江太守劉勛。于是劉備在下邳殺死徐州刺史車胄，留關羽守下邳，身還小沛。建安五年（200年），曹操東征，劉備戰敗，北投袁紹，關羽被俘，後逃歸劉備。史書並未記載張飛是否曾與劉備失散或重聚，只知同年張飛在譙郡遇到曹操大將夏侯淵的侄女並納為妻室。曹操隨後在官渡之戰中大敗袁紹。

據水斷橋

使

建安十三年（208年），丞相曹操南征劉表，會劉表病死，少子劉琮投降曹操。劉備自樊城經襄陽南下江陵，諸葛亮勸劉備襲取襄陽，被劉備拒絕。曹操抵達襄陽，聽說劉備已經南下，立即派出曹純率領五千精騎追擊，一日一夜追出三百餘里，在當陽長阪坡追上劉備，劉備和諸葛亮、張飛、趙雲等數十騎逃亡。張飛奉命率二十騎斷後，趙雲則保護甘夫人和阿斗慢行。張飛依仗地勢，據水斷橋，嗔目橫矛，咆哮道：「身是張益德也，可來共決死！（我就是張益德，放馬過來過來決一死戰！）」敵軍內無人敢于向前，劉備等人得以順利撤退至漢津，與關羽船隊會合，然後抵達夏口，會合劉表長子江夏太守劉琦。劉備以諸葛亮為使，聯合割據江東的討虜將軍孫權，在赤壁之戰中擊敗曹操，曹操留行征南將軍曹仁、橫野將軍徐晃于江陵，使折衝將軍樂進守襄陽，然後北還。赤壁之戰中，劉備、關羽、張飛的戰鬥力給討虜將軍帳下左部督周瑜留下了深刻印象，他在之後給孫權的上書中稱「劉備以梟雄之姿，而有關羽、張飛熊虎之將」；然而早在赤壁之戰前，曹操的謀士奮武將軍程昱就已經盛稱「劉備有英名，關羽、張飛皆萬人敵也」了。

奪取荊益

赤壁之戰後，劉備南征武陵、長沙、零陵、桂陽，四郡皆降。江陵之戰時由于吳將周瑜圍困江陵日緊，而關羽又斷絕北道，曹仁、徐晃放棄江陵突圍。當時劉備派張飛率領一千人追隨周瑜作戰，換來周瑜兩千人馬跟隨關羽用來堵截曹仁後方。戰後劉備封拜元勛，以關羽為蕩寇將軍、襄陽太守，張飛為征虜將軍、宜都太守，封新亭侯，其間宜都實為孫權勢力範圍，所以張飛只是可能駐於江北或劉備大本營公安而已。諸葛亮為軍師中郎將，趙雲為牙門將軍。建安十五年（210年），偏將軍領南郡太守周瑜病死，孫權為減輕軍事壓力，採納贊軍校尉魯肅的建議，將江陵轉讓劉備，張飛轉任南郡太守。建安十六年（211年），劉備受益州牧劉璋之邀入蜀，幫其消滅割據漢中的鎮民中郎將領漢寧太守張魯。劉備北駐葭萌，次年與劉璋反目，召諸葛亮、張飛等夾攻益州。張飛溯流西上，所向披靡，在江州生擒巴郡太守嚴顏。張飛叱責嚴顏：「大軍至，何以不降而敢拒戰？」嚴顏回答：「卿等無狀，侵奪我州，我州但有斷頭將軍，無有降將軍也。」張飛大怒，命左右牽去砍頭，嚴顏臉色不變，說：「斫頭便斫頭，何為怒邪？」張飛大為欽佩，于是釋放嚴顏，待為上賓。張飛隨後從墊江西上，與劉璋領帳下司馬張裔戰于德陽，張裔敗退，張飛追至成都，與劉備會合。建安十九年（214年），劉璋投降，益州平定。

建安二十年（215年），孫權索要荊州的長沙、零陵、桂陽三郡，劉備不許，孫權便自行委任官吏，遭關羽全部驅逐。孫權大怒，遣廬江太守、偏將軍呂蒙督兩萬人攻取三郡，使漢昌太守、橫江將軍魯肅率萬人在巴丘牽制關羽，自己則在陸口調度諸軍。劉備率五萬人到公安，遣關羽將三萬兵至益陽。兩軍尚未開戰，魏公曹操已經攻占漢中，張魯南逃巴中。劉備急忙與孫權議和，轉讓長沙、桂陽，孫權返還零陵。劉備回到江州，遣護軍、偏將軍黃權率兵救援張魯，而張魯已經投降曹操。曹操北還，留征西將軍夏侯淵、平狄將軍張郃守漢中，張郃則不斷從巴西擄掠百姓，強迫遷徙到漢中。劉備于是以張飛領巴西太守，命其進兵宕渠，在巴西之戰中擊退張郃。當時兩軍相持五十餘日，張飛率精兵萬餘人從小道進攻張郃，山道狹窄，首尾不能相救，張郃大敗，僅帶十餘人棄馬爬山逃回漢中。

建安二十二年（217年），劉備進攻漢中，分遣張飛、平西將軍馬超、將軍吳蘭等攻取武都。曹操遣都護將軍曹洪救援。張飛揚言要截斷曹洪後路，騎都尉曹休指出此是疑兵之計，勸說曹洪立即進攻吳蘭，即大敗吳蘭，張飛、馬超退回漢中，吳蘭被陰平氐人強端殺害。

建安二十四年（219年），劉備在定軍山與夏侯淵對峙，討虜將軍黃忠推鋒必進，陣斬夏侯淵。魏王曹操自長安來援，劉備拒不出戰，曹操將士逃亡日益增多，不得不放棄漢中。劉備隨即在漢中自稱大司馬、漢中王，以關羽為前將軍，假節鉞；馬超為左將軍、張飛為右將軍，假節；黃忠為後將軍，賜爵關內侯；法正為尚書令、護軍將軍。不久，關羽北伐曹操，而孫權偷襲南郡，關羽撤軍，所部潰散，在臨沮被孫權擒獲，獻首曹操。

東征遇害

建安二十六年（221年），劉備稱帝，改元章武。策諸葛亮為丞相，假節錄尚書事；馬超為驃騎將軍，領涼州牧，進封斄鄉侯；張飛為車騎將軍，領司隸校尉，進封西鄉侯。

張飛素來善待士人而不體恤兵士，劉備時常告誡他：「你對手下士卒刑罰過重，經常鞭打他們，又把他們留在身邊侍奉你，這樣做日後必成禍患。」張飛聽過後仍不悔改。

不久，劉備出兵東征吳王孫權以報關羽之仇，命張飛率萬人自閬中至江州會合。臨出發前，張飛被帳下將領張達、范彊殺害，兩人帶其首級東奔孫權。張飛營中都督立即表報劉備，劉備聽說是張飛營都督上表，就猜到張飛已經死了，嘆息說：「噫！飛死矣。」傷心欲絕。

追封

蜀漢景耀三年（260年），追謚關羽「壯繆侯」，張飛「桓侯」，馬超「威侯」，黃忠「剛侯」；追賜軍師中郎將龐統關內侯爵位，謚「靖侯」。

前蜀天漢元年（917年）（其時前蜀改國號為漢）正月，封張飛為靈應王。

元順帝至元六年（1340年），加封張飛為武義忠顯英烈靈惠助順王。

清代嘉慶帝將「閬中張飛祠」列入「四川省春秋祀典」，成為官方祭祀的大神。

人物

關羽、張飛皆稱萬人敵，為世之虎臣，羽報效曹操、飛義釋嚴顏，並有國士之風。然羽剛而自矜，飛暴而無恩，皆以短取敗，屬世之常道。

劉備曾勸告張飛道：「卿刑殺旣過差，又日鞭檛健兒，而令在左右，此取禍之道也。（你刑罰殺戮太過度，又常日鞭韃健兒，卻又置他們於左右，這是取禍之道呀。）」卒為帳下范彊、張達所刺殺。

與關羽不同的是，關羽重視武人、輕視士大夫；張飛輕視武人，喜愛結交士大夫。

家庭

妻

• 夏侯氏：為夏侯淵侄女，夏侯霸堂妹。夏侯氏在十三、四歲時出外砍柴，被張飛擄走，張飛認為她是良家婦女，遂納為妻室。生有兩女，其長女為劉禪皇后。

子女

• 張苞：張飛長子，早逝，但有一子張遵。《三國演義》中虛構其參與諸葛亮北伐，墜崖傷重而亡。

• 張紹：張飛次子，官至侍中、尚書僕射。

• 敬哀張皇后：張飛長女，蜀漢章武元年（221）納為太子妃，建興元年（223）立為皇后，建興十五年（237）薨。

• 張皇后：敬哀皇后之妹，建興十五年（237）入為貴人，延熙元年（238）立為皇后。蜀漢滅亡後，隨劉禪東遷洛陽，稱「安樂公夫人」。

孫

• 張遵：張苞之子，官至尚書。隨都護、衛將軍諸葛瞻與征西將軍鄧艾戰于綿竹，臨陣歿。

評價

時人評價

• 陳壽：「關羽、張飛皆稱萬人之敵，為世虎臣。羽報效曹公，飛義釋嚴顏，並有國士之風。然羽剛而自矜，飛暴而無恩，以短取敗，理數之常也。」、「初，飛雄壯威猛，亞於關羽，魏謀臣程昱等咸稱羽、飛萬人之敵也。羽善待卒伍而驕於士大夫，飛愛敬君子而不恤小人。」（《三國志·蜀書·關張馬黃趙傳第六》）

• 劉備：「卿刑殺既過差，又日鞭撾健兒，而令在左右，此取禍之道也。」、「以君忠毅，侔蹤召虎，名宣遐邇，故特顯命，高墉進爵，兼司于京。其誕將天威，柔服以德，伐叛以刑，稱朕意焉。」（《三國志·蜀書·關張馬黃趙傳第六》）

• 傅幹：「劉備寬仁有度，能得人死力。諸葛亮達治知變，正而有謀，而為之相；張飛、關羽勇而有義，皆萬人之敵，而為之將；此三人者，皆人傑也。」（《三國志·蜀書·先主傳第二》）

• 楊戲：「關羽、張飛，出身匡世，扶翼攜上，雄壯虎烈。藩屏左右，翻飛電發，濟於艱難，贊主洪業，侔跡韓、耿，齊聲雙德。交待無禮，並致姦慝，悼惟輕慮，隕身匡國。」（《三國志·蜀書·鄧張宗楊傳第十五》）

• 劉巴：「大丈夫處世，當交四海英雄，如何與兵子共語乎？」（《三國志·蜀書·董劉馬陳董呂傳第九》）

• 諸葛亮謂巴曰：「張飛雖實武人，敬慕足下。主公今方收合文武，以定大事；足下雖天素高亮，宜少降意也。」（《三國志·蜀書·董劉馬陳董呂傳第九》）

• 郭嘉：「劉備有雄才而甚得眾心。張飛、關羽者，皆萬人之敵也，為之死用。」（《三國志·魏書·程郭董劉蔣劉傳第十四》）

• 程昱：「劉備有英名，關羽、張飛皆萬人敵也。」（《三國志·魏書·程郭董劉蔣劉傳第十四》）

• 董昭：「劉備勇而志大，關羽、張飛為之羽翼，恐備之心未可得論也！」（《三國志·魏書·程郭董劉蔣劉傳第十四》）

• 劉曄：「今破漢中，蜀人震恐，其勢自傾。以公之神明，因其傾而壓之，無不克也。若小緩之，諸葛亮明於治而為相，關羽、張飛勇冠三軍而為將，蜀民既定，據險守要，則不可犯矣。今不取，必為後憂。」（《三國志·魏書·程郭董劉蔣劉傳第十四》）

• 周瑜：「劉備以梟雄之姿，而有關羽、張飛熊虎之將，必非久屈為人用者。」（《三國志·吳書·周瑜魯肅呂蒙傳第九》）　

• 袁准：「張飛、關羽與劉備俱起，爪牙腹心之臣，而武人也。」

後人評價

• 「值天下大亂，（劉）遐為塢主，每擊賊，率壯士陷堅摧鋒，冀方比之張飛、關羽。」（《晉書·劉遐傳》）

• 「（閻）負、（梁）殊曰：『驍勇多權略，攻必取，戰必勝，關、張之流，萬人之敵者，則前將軍新興王飛，建切將軍鄧羌，立忠將軍彭越，安遠將軍范俱難，建武將軍徐盛。』」（《晉書·苻生載記》）

• 「李庠，字玄序，特第三弟也。少以烈氣聞。趙廞深器之，與論兵法，無不稱善，每謂所親曰：『李玄序蓋亦一時之關、張也。』」（《晉書·李特載記》）

• 「傉檀曰：『吾今新牧貴州，懷遠安邇之略，為之若何？』（宗）敞曰：『涼土雖弊，形勝之地，道由人弘，實在殿下。段懿、孟禕，武威之宿望；辛晁、彭敏，秦、隴之冠冕；斐敏、馬輔，中州之令族；張昶，涼國之舊胤；趙昌、張穆、邊憲、文齊、楊班、梁崧、趙昌，武同飛、羽。』」（《晉書·禿髮傉檀載記》）

• 李暠：「詠群豪之高軌，嘉關張之飄傑，誓報曹而歸劉，何義勇之超出！據斷橋而橫矛，亦雄姿之壯發。」（《晉書·列傳第五十七》）

• 「史臣曰：『長孫肥結髮內侍，雄烈知名，軍鋒所指，罔不奔散，關、張萬人之敵，未足多也。』」（《魏書·長孫肥傳》）

• 「當世推其驍果，皆以為關、張弗之過也。」（《魏書·楊大眼傳》）

• 「賊以延伯眾少，開營競追，眾過十倍，臨水逼蹙。（蕭）寶夤親觀之，懼有虧損。延伯不與其戰，身自殿後，抽眾東渡，轉運如神，須臾濟盡，徐乃自渡。賊徒奪氣，相率還營。寶夤大悅，謂官屬曰：『崔公，古之關、張也。今年何患不制賊！』」（《魏書·崔延伯傳》）

• 「薛彤、（高）進之並道濟腹心，有勇力，時以比關羽、張飛。』」（《宋書·檀道濟傳》）

• 「朱異之徒，積受金貝，遂使咸稱胡、趙，比昔關、張，誣掩天聽，謂為真實。」（《粱書·列傳第五十》）

• 「又有西域胡，妙于弓矢，弦無虛發，眾軍尤憚之。及將戰，（吳）明徹謂摩訶曰：『若殪此胡，則彼軍奪氣，君有關、張之名，可斬顏良矣。』摩訶曰：『願示其形狀，當為公取之。』明徹乃召降人有識胡者，雲胡著絳衣，樺皮裝弓，兩端骨弭。明徹遣人覘伺，知胡在陣，乃自酌酒以飲摩訶。摩訶飲訖，馳馬衝齊軍，胡挺身出陣前十餘步，彀弓未發，摩訶遙擲銑鋧，正中其額，應手而僕。」（《陳書·蕭摩訶傳》）

• 「武人略陽垣歷生、襄陽蔡道貴，拳勇秀出，當時以比關羽、張飛。」（《南史·文惠太子傳》）

• 「（從弟京杲）後從李光弼出井陘，督趫蕩先驅，戰嘉山尤力，（唐）肅宗異之，召見曰：『黥、彭、關、張之流乎！』」（《新唐書·辛雲京傳》）

• 「金將時全、合連、孛術魯答哥率細軍及眾軍三道渡淮，涉以合連善戰，乃命張惠當之。惠，金驍將，所謂『賽張飛』者，既歸宋，金人殺其妻，所部花帽軍，有紀律，它軍不及也。惠率諸軍出戰，自辰至酉，金人大敗，答哥溺死，陷失太半，細軍喪者幾二千。」（《宋史·賈涉傳》）

• 「齊孫臏晏嬰、晉程嬰公孫杵臼、燕樂毅、漢曹參陳平韓信周亞夫衛青霍去病霍光、蜀昭烈帝關羽張飛諸葛亮、唐房玄齡長孫無忌魏徵李靖李績尉遲恭渾瑊段秀實等，皆勛德高邁，為當時之冠。」（《宋史·志第五十八·禮八》）

• 「關羽則為仇國所禽，張飛則遭帳下所害。凡此名將，悉皆人雄。」（《宋史·列傳第一百九十八·文苑一》）

• 「關張比疆治，將相俱和同。」（《梁父吟》）

• 「將作大匠、屯騎校尉朝那侯青，武邑人也。機巧有算略，驍勇善騎射，所在先登陷陳。慕容俊擬之張飛。」（《十六國春秋·前燕錄》）

• 「楚、漢未分，絳、灌所以宣力；曹、劉競逐，關、張所以立名。然則名立資草昧之初，力宣候經輪之會，攀附鱗翼，世有之矣。」（《隋書·列傳第二十九》）

• 「公結髮戎旅，妙善孫吳 。如雲如鳥之形，因山背水之勢，莫不深明權變，躬先士卒。雙鞬並帶，二戟兼提。滕灌之驍雄，關張之勇扞，複見於茲矣。」（《大周使持節少傅大將軍大都督恆夏靈銀長五州諸軍事恆州刺史普安壯公墓誌銘》）

• 「爾久從征伐甚有戰功語其威名乃關張之比也。」（《冊府元龜·誡勵》）

• 「衛尉卿兼檢校左金吾衛大將軍涼國公李延昌，克樹勛庸，遍該韜略，關張萬人之敵，勇不顧身；程李二將之名，忠於衛主。」（《冊府元龜·備御》）

• 「蜀之乃祖乃父，或士或人，而皆內稟忠貞，外資驍果，武負關張之氣，文傳揚馬之風，迎大駕以涉岷峨，合諸軍而定關輔忠氣冠乎日月，勳業著乎山河，凡在幽遐，皆所傳達。」（《冊府元龜·傳檄》）

• 「關羽、張飛，爪牙悉標于西廡。威生戶牖，武耀庭除。」（《蜀先主廟記》）

• 「乃若關雲長、張益德，雖曰萬人之敵，而程昱等輩奇之，然功業之著見者蓋鮮矣。」（《十先生奧論注》）

• 「楚、漢未分，絳、灌所以宣力；曹、劉競逐，關、張所以立名。然則名立資草昧之初，力宣候經輪之會，攀附鱗翼，世有之矣。」（《隋書·列傳第二十九》）

• 「大周天授元年，拜公為鎮軍大將軍，行左豹韜衛大將軍。□壇受策，禮逾韓信；野戰頻勝，事逸張飛。」（《大周故鎮軍大將軍高君墓誌銘並序》）

• 張輔：「張飛關羽，皆人傑也。」（《名士優劣論》）

• 葛洪：「咸謂勇力絕倫者，則上將之器；洽聞治亂者，則三九之才也。然張飛關羽萬人之敵 ，而皆喪元辱主，授首非所。」

• 石重貴評張彥澤：「猛若關張，氣吞荊聶，薦膺委寄，每著勤勞。鳴鏑離弦，既得吟猿之妙；青萍出匣，久彰斷兕之名。營陣之間，皆推果毅。」（《親征契丹命將制》）

• 常璩：「初，飛勇冠三軍，與關羽俱稱萬人之敵。羽善待小人而驕士大夫，飛愛敬君子而不恤小人，是以皆敗 。」（《華陽國志·劉先主志》）

• 崔鴻：「劉淵別將劉翼，驍勇過人，能一手舉殿柱，跳過平陽門，時人擬之關張。」（《十六國春秋》）

• 庾信：「昔者受律赤符，韓信當千里，治兵白帝。張飛擬萬人，皆比于今日，公之謂也。」（《周上柱國宿國公河州都督普屯威神道碑銘》）

• 王勃：「以先主之寬仁得眾，張飛、關羽萬人之敵，諸葛孔明管、樂之儔，左提右挈，以取天下，庶幾有濟矣。」（《三國論》）

• 李德裕：「忻州刺史兼御史中丞李丕，幼而倜儻，長負不羈，才耀奇而穎出，智釋結而解，禦侮是寄，益德冠於三軍，騷動得人，劇孟雄於一敵。」（《授李丕汾州刺史制》）；「蜀先主與關羽、張飛同臥起，而稠人廣坐，侍立終日。皆用此道，故能成功。夫御英傑，使猛將，與見道德之人，接方正之士不同也，不可以繁禮飾貌，以浮辭足言，宜洞開胸懷，令見肝肺。氣懾其勇，恩結其心，雖踞洗召之，不為薄矣。祿山，夷狄之譎詐者也，非將門英豪，草萊奇傑，其戰鬥之氣，擊刺之才，去關、張遠矣！」（《英傑論》）

• 殷堯藩：「威名垂萬古，勇力冠當時。回首三分國，何人賦黍離。」（《張飛廟》）

• 徐夤：「雖倚關張敵萬夫，豈勝恩信作良圖。能均漢祚三分業， 不負荊州六尺孤。綠水有魚賢已得，青桑如蓋瑞先符。 君王幸是中山後，建國如何號蜀都。」（《蜀》）

• 杜甫：「孰與關張並，功臨耿鄧親。應天才不小，得士契無鄰。 」（《謁先主廟》）

• 李亨：「自凶狂構禍，區宇未寧，蘊忠貞以立身，資義勇而成務。加其識度宏遠，謀略衝深。張飛乃萬人之敵，卻縠是三軍之帥。」（《命郭子儀充東京畿等道元帥詔》）

• 楊炯：「攻城野戰，張飛、關羽；奇策密謀，荀攸、賈詡。」（《瀘川都督王湛神道碑》）、「陶公相宅，郭璞占墳。麵丹鳳而背元龜，兆青烏而徵白馬。三百篇之後，卜筮何從？二千石之榮，子孫無替。長男仁叡、男中仁楷、少男仁護、仁昉等，或體窮三變，藩、陸不足以昇堂；或力敵萬夫、關、張不足以扶轂。」（《唐上騎都尉高君神道碑》）

• 唐僖宗：「前左武軍大將軍宋皓，負關張勇智，有韓白英雄，累著戰功，再居環衛。」（《討王郢詔》）

• 陳淵：「當時先主得關張，能使西川弱勝強。」（《默堂集·卷九》）

• 張士貴：「乃絳州義軍都頭目薛懷玉也。此人勇若關張，智同伊尹，堪當大用。」（《薛仁貴征遼事略》）

• 貫休：「龔遂劉寬同煦嫗，張飛關羽太驅馳。」（《賀鄭使君》）

• 岑參：「虜騎無數來，見君不敢當。漢將小衛霍，蜀將凌關張。」（《東歸留題太常徐卿草堂》）

• 趙蕤：「（虞世南）曰：彼孔明者，命世之奇才，伊呂之儔匹，臣主同心，魚水為譬，但以國小兵弱，斗絕一隅，支對二方，抗衡上國；若使與曹公易地而處，騁其長算，肆關、張之武，盡諸葛之文，則霸王之業成矣。」（《長短經》）

• 王鎔：「早綰父兵，夙知軍志。張飛之敵，每說無前。魏萬之名，咸言必大。」（《薦王師範表》）

• 張說：「思齊忠壯而異材，求之古人，張飛、許褚等也。」（《舉陳光乘等表》）

• 崔致遠：「然必願劍拂狼星，旗迎聖日，終繼張飛之拒後，不慚聶叔之致師。」；「軍名定難，雅稱關張之聲；縣號宜君，克符堯舜之德。」（《賀殺黃巢賊徒狀》）；「斯乃司徒相公鏡於心而寬兮綽兮，枰於事而無偏無黨，網羅雋彥，籠罩驍雄，於儒則沈謝呈才，於武則關張效力。」（《初投獻太尉啟》）；「所謂有非常之人，然後有非常之事，絳灌亦一時俊傑，關張非累世勛庸，鏤姓名於金鼎玉鍾，飾儀形於雲台煙閣，永言盡美，孰敢爭先？」（《徐州時溥司空·第二》）

• 桑叔文：「漢有汲黯，當朝為之正色。若非功高衛霍，名比關張，孰能有此榮貴。」（《唐故淮南節度討擊副使光祿大夫試殿中監兼泗州長史上柱國北平縣開國伯田府君墓誌銘》）

• 徐鉉：「唐室崩離，諸侯角逐。吳武王奮桓文之舉，我先君效關張之用。摧（生字「⼇凶」，即腦字無月）略地，所向無前。功加于時，慶鐘于後。」（《洪州豐城縣李司空碑文》）

• 孔平仲：「狄青字漢臣。元昊叛，屢將兵出戰，四年間大小二十五陣，八中流矢，人呼『狄天使』，上觀其儀表曰：『朕之關張。』」（《孔氏談苑》）

• 曹勛：「帝謂關張勇，氣吞豺虎群。忠誠昭白日，始卒翊明君。滅沿台躔耀，哀榮鳳口墳。傳家有賢嗣，淚血入江雲。」（《楊和王挽章五首》）

• 曾鞏：「侯以智勇為將，號萬人敵。當蜀之初，與魏將張郃相距于此，能破敵軍，以安此土，可謂功施于人矣。其歿也，又能澤而賜之，則其食于閬人不得而廢也，豈非宜哉？。」（《元豐類稿·閬州張侯廟記》）

• 岳飛：「一死何足道，要使後世書策知有岳飛之名，與關張輩功烈相仿佛耳。」（《金駝續編·卷二十八》）

• 陳子微：「廈傾木不支，鼎重足先折。關張不終身，儀秦亦無舌。」（《本堂集·卷二十九》）

• 劉知幾：「關張以傲誕為將，桑霍以滿盈居職。」（《思慎賦》）

• 員興宗：「吾鄉所遣騎，乃探騎耳。豈人人關張乎！」（《九華集·卷二十四》）

• 綦崇禮：「以頗牧之才，關張之勇，盡護諸將，獨殿一方，鏖兵苦戰，則大敵為殲，據險守堅，則嚴師莫犯。」（《北海集·卷十一》）

• 李廌：「駢英雄則關張奮其武，登雋良則龐蔣善其職。」（《濟南集·卷五》）

• 黃履翁：「古之烈士才略，則向寵、柳渾、蔡道貴、鮑昭。或曉暢軍事，料敵萬里；或勇比關張，或治績顯太原。」（《古今源流至論·別集卷四》）

• 汪藻：「決勝重圍，飛、羽有萬人之敵。」（《浮溪集·韓世忠除兩鎮節度使制》）

• 楊萬里：「過威則離，張飛是也。過強則驕，李光弼是也。」（《誠齊易傳》）

• 徐夢莘：「（張）仲寶字子賢，有膂力，時人謂之小張飛子。」（《三朝北盟會編·卷一百三十二》）

• 賈似道：「要知斗處關張勇，頭小牙長體似金。」（《促織經·琵琶翅》）

• 陸游：「顏良文丑知何益，關羽張飛死可傷。等是人間號驍將，太山寧比一毫芒。」（《讀史》）

• 葉適：「（耿）豪雖凶粗不足取，而以關張比之，則又其細爾。」（《習學記言·卷三十五》）

• 樓鑰：「荊門多古跡，義勇之士服習教法，持利兵以賈勇。望高陽之長阪，其亦有慕張益徳之橫矛拒敵者乎！」（《荊門軍義勇甲仗庫記》）

• 蕭常：「羽飛萬人之敵勇有餘，而不知跡其行事。皆有國士之風，然羽剛而自矜，飛暴而少恩，此其所以敗也。」（《續後漢書》）

• 劉克莊：「骨已朽黃泉下，傳猶列青史中。猛樸時來宰相，關張運去英雄。」（《即事六言四首》）

• 陳元靚：「漢失其鹿，三分鼎峙。爰佐昭烈，實惟車騎。敵萬人，兵行九地。睠是雄材，霸王之器。」（《事林廣記後集》）

• 郝經：「羽、飛昭烈啑血起義，夙定君臣之分，期複漢室，百折興王。闞如兩虎嘯風從龍，夾之以飛，雄猛震一世，號稱萬人敵。羽報效于操，致書而去，飛瞋目橫矛，而與操決。矯轎義烈，上通于天，漢于是乎不亡。」（《續後漢書·卷十六》）

• 祖無擇：「蜀之諸將，惟飛最雄。」（祖龍圖·《據水斷橋賦》）

• 馮夢龍：「釋嚴顏，誨馬超，都是細心作用，後世目飛為粗人，大枉。」（《智囊•上智部•見大卷•030張飛》）

• 清代趙翼的《廿二史劄記》卷七關張之勇的部份，詳細整理了古人以關羽、或關張用作皆為勇將代名詞的資料，並且認為「漢以後稱勇者必推關張」。

• 盧弼：「張飛屯固山，曹洪破吳蘭，飛退走。是飛雖勇猛，亦時為強敵所敗也。」（《三國志集解》）

軼聞

南朝·梁·陶弘景《古今刀劍錄》：「張飛初拜新亭侯，自命匠煉赤朱山鐵為一刀，銘曰『新亭侯，蜀大將也』。後被范強所殺，將此刀入于吳。」此事純屬無稽之談，張飛封新亭侯時尚在荊州，身未嘗入蜀，何以便稱「蜀大將」？即身在蜀，亦當稱「漢將軍飛」。

民間藝術

三國演義

小說《三國演義》總成過往小說、戲曲、話本及民間傳說中張飛的故事，和史書中的張飛事蹟有所出入，如怒鞭督郵者實為劉備；長阪大哮嚇死夏侯傑是誇張手法；以至數戰呂布、古城聚義、獨取武陵、大戰馬超、使用蛇矛、身高樣貌，甚至張飛字「翼德」等都是虛構。

墓葬及信仰

傳說張飛頭顱葬于重慶雲陽張桓侯廟（張飛廟），軀體葬于四川閬中張桓侯祠（漢桓侯祠）。此外主祀寺廟尚有四川自貢桓侯宮、台灣台中市東興市場福興宮等，副祀寺廟則有四川成都武侯祠、台灣台北市北投行天宮、新北市三峽行修宮、桃園市大溪劉備廟等。

表字

很多人誤以為張飛字翼德，以為這才跟飛字相協。其實「益」是通假「鷁」，一種會飛的水鳥。另外陳壽在《三國志》記載其表字「益德」有兩處，裴松之注亦有兩處，應為事實。近代學者任乃強注《華陽國志》亦認同此說。

歇後語

• 「張飛打岳飛，打的滿天飛」兩個時空不同的名將，卻能打的一團亂。除了兩人名中皆有飛字，根本毫無關聯。意指將不相關的事混為一談。

• 張飛吃豆芽——小菜一碟

• 張飛穿針——大眼瞪小眼

• 張飛使計謀——粗中有細

• 張飛賣針——人強貨扎手

• 張飛的媽媽——無事生非（吳氏生飛）

• 張飛吃稱陀——鐵了心了

• 張飛繡花——不對勁

• 張飛吃豆腐——小菜一碟

• 張飛拆橋——有勇無謀

• 張飛賣秤錘——人強貨硬

• 張飛賣肉——光說不割

• 張飛戰馬超——不分勝負

• 張飛戰關公——不念舊情

• 張飛遇李逵——黑對黑

• 張飛繡花——粗中有細

• 張飛討債——氣勢洶洶

• 張飛耍扛子——輕而易舉

• 張飛上陣—— 橫衝直撞

• 張飛扔雞毛——有勁難使

• 張飛騎老虎——人強馬壯

• 張飛剔牙——炮換鳥槍

• 張飛接吻——有兩把刷子

• 曹操和張飛對酒——打啞謎

• 曹操和張飛打啞謎——你猜你的，我猜我的

• 張飛抓耪子——大眼瞪小眼

• 抓住張飛當李逵打——認錯人了

工書畫

民間流傳張飛善書畫、善畫仕女圖，例如明《畫髓元詮》載：「張飛……喜畫美人，善草書」清《歷代畫徵錄》載：「張飛，涿州人，善畫美人」等，更有「三弟（張飛）畫美人，二哥（關羽）補竹」之說。相關說法最早出自明朝人的筆記，並有一份查無原蹟的石刻拓文傳世。由於明朝上離漢朝已遠，史料不見於唐宋，而明人偽作之風又盛，缺乏實證下史家對此說多持否定態度，卻成為漫畫家、小說家熱衷的題材。

饅頭

張飛帶兵征劉璋時製造。又有一說，饅頭乃出自三國蜀漢諸葛亮。當時諸葛亮率軍南渡瀘水以討孟獲。根據當地的習俗，大軍渡江之前必須以人頭祭祀河神。諸葛亮遂命人以白麵裹肉蒸熟，代替人頭投入江中。諸葛亮將其命名為「瞞頭」，即欺瞞河神之假頭之意。另一說命名為「蠻頭」，蠻人之頭之意。

坐騎

早在北宋·葉廷珪的《海錄碎事》中就記載張飛的馬名為「豹月烏」（《三國志補注》中亦有引用，稱出自《彙苑》）。在許多明代文人的私人筆記著作中，曾提及張飛的坐騎名為「玉追」，而且還根據「人中有呂布，馬中有赤兔」的句式，而傳有「人中有張飛，馬中有玉追」一語；據古時口耳相傳的民間傳說習俗，「玉追」很有可能是「烏騅」（黑色的馬）音誤而成。另外，在舊版小說中，張飛坐騎則為「閉月烏」。

影視

• 《桃園三結義》（1968年，（台灣國益影業公司電影）：由趙群飾演

• 《三國春秋》（1976年，麗的電視本港台電視劇）：由郭峰飾演

• 《關公》（1992年，浙江華策影視電視劇）：由王為念飾演

• 《三國演義》（1992年，中國中央電視台電視劇）：由李靖飛飾演

• 《貂蟬》（2002年，陳家林執導電視劇）：由李靖飛飾演

• 《三國英雄傳之關公》（1996年，中華電視公司電視劇）：由崔浩然飾演

• 《超時空要愛》（1998年，黎大煒執導電影）：由李綺虹飾演的Gigi，在跨越時空回到古代三國後化身張飛。

• 《呂布與貂蟬》（2001年，陳凱歌執導電視劇）：由寇占文飾演

• 《武聖關公》（2004年，鄭克洪執導電視劇）：由張友齡飾演

• 《見龍卸甲》（2008年，李仁港執導電影）：由陳之輝飾演

• 《赤壁》（2008年，吳宇森執導電影）：由臧金生飾演

• 《終極三國》（2009年，台灣八大電視劇）：由博焱飾演

• 《越光寶盒》（2010年，劉鎮偉執導電影）：由樊少皇飾演

• 《三國》（2010年，中國傳媒大學電視製作中心 電視劇）：由康凱飾演

• 《回到三國》（2012年，無綫電視 電視劇）：由曾偉權飾演

• 《曹操》（2014年，胡玫執導電視劇）：由李龍飾演

• 《武神趙子龍》（2016年，國建勇執導電視劇）：由朱來成飾演

• 《終極三國》（2017年，中國優酷網路劇）：由金中西飾演

• 《新解釋·三國志》（2020年，福田雄一執導電影）：由高橋努飾演

• 《真·三國無雙》 （2021年，周顯揚執導電影）：由張建聲飾演

遊戲

• 真三國無雙 系列由掛川裕彥配音

• 吞食天地II 赤壁之戰

• 三國戰紀

• 王者榮耀

• 神魔之塔(Tower of Saviors)

• 全軍破敵：三國

動漫作品

• 張飛審瓜

• 三國志

• 三國演義

• 《三國志》（橫山光輝）

• 《天地吞食》（本宮宏志）

• 《蒼天航路》（王欣太）

• 《火鳳燎原》（陳某）、火鳳燎原外傳小說《翼德》（王貽興）: 設定為著名的桃園畫家，曾以繪畫之名畫製地圖，在諸葛亮出山前為劉備軍軍師，以「有勇無謀」見稱。

戲曲

中國傳統戲曲中張飛的角色，以《三國演義》的描寫而創作，臉譜勾成黑十字門蝴蝶臉。蝴蝶有張「飛」、「翼」德之意。而不同場合，張飛臉譜可以勾畫出笑面或是怒面；同時張飛的臉譜為黑臉而有豹頭環眼之態，加上大髯口，表現其兇猛、驍勇之相。

飲食

• 張飛牛肉起源于四川閬中，當地回族群眾喜食牛羊肉，因牛肉熏制後呈外表黑色，內里紅色，故冠以張飛「面黑心紅」之形象而得名。

• 張飛豆乾起源于四川閬中，張飛鎮守閬中時，見閬苑山清水秀盛產一種米黃豆，遂用此豆加山泉製作豆乾，結果其味更佳。此法後流傳于民間，製作的豆乾成為川北一絕，老百姓因感念張飛，便將此豆乾稱為張飛豆乾。——豆乾口味獨特，色香味俱全。

• 張飛板麵起源于河南新野，在傳統的工藝上，通過精加工、揉條摔板的麵厚薄均勻，炸炒燜燉佐料而成。

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