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張居正[View] [Edit] [History]ctext:256278
Zhang Juzheng (張居正 Zhāng Jūzhèng; 1525–1582), courtesy name Shuda (叔大 Shūdà), pseudonym Taiyue (太岳 Tàiyuè), was a Chinese politician who served as Grand Secretary (首輔 Shǒufǔ) in the late Ming dynasty during the reigns of the Longqing and Wanli emperors. He represented what might be termed the "new Legalism", aiming to ensure that the gentry worked for the state. Alluding to performance evaluations, he said: "Everyone is talking about real responsibility, but without a clear reward and punishment system, who is going to risk life and hardship for the country?" One of his chief goals was to reform the gentry and rationalize the bureaucracy together with his political rival Gao Gong, who was concerned that offices were providing income with little responsibility. Taking the Emperor Hongwu as his standard and ruling as de facto Prime Minister, Zhang's true historical significance comes from his centralization of existing reforms, positioning the reformative agency of the state over that of the gentry—the "Legalist" idea of the sovereignty of the state.
The Wanli Emperor deeply respected Zhang as a mentor and valued minister. During the first ten years of the Wanli era, the Ming dynasty's economy and military power prospered in a way not seen since the Yongle Emperor and the Rule of Ren and Xuan from 1402 to 1435. However, after Zhang's death, the Wanli Emperor felt free to act independently, and reversed many of Zhang's administrative improvements.
Read more...: Life and career As Chief Grand Secretary Zhangs commentary on the "Four Books" Literature
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張居正(1525年5月26日 - 1582年),字叔大,號太嶽,又稱張江陵,湖廣江陵縣(今湖北江陵縣)人,祖籍直隸鳳陽縣,明代政治家、改革家,萬曆年間,官至太師、吏部尚書兼中極殿大學士,為內閣首輔長達十年。知人善任,重用名將李成梁、戚繼光等,鎮守北部邊防,為改革營造穩定的外部環境;任用潘季馴治理黃河,卓有成效。任內推行一條鞭法與考成法,改革賦稅與官吏考核制度,影響深遠。
Read more...: 生平 早年 仕途 宰輔 改革 身後 平反 著作 經濟思想 家庭 評價 正面 正負相摻 負面 文化 相關影視作品
The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the original article.
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召對紀事 | creator |
四書直解 | creator |
太岳集 | creator |
太嶽雜著 | creator |
奏對稿 | creator |
帝鑑圖說 | creator |
帝鑒圖說 | creator |
書經直解 | creator |
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欽定續文獻通考 | 3 |
御定佩文齋書畫譜 | 1 |
欽定天祿琳琅書目 | 2 |
大清一統志 | 2 |
明史 | 186 |
四庫全書總目提要 | 16 |
堯山堂外紀 | 2 |
御批歷代通鑑輯覽 | 2 |
弇山堂別集 | 2 |
御定資治通鑑綱目三編 | 2 |
明史紀事本末 | 4 |
明詩別裁集 | 3 |
廿二史劄記 | 1 |
千頃堂書目 | 2 |
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