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凌統[View] [Edit] [History]ctext:339562
Relation | Target | Textual basis |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 凌統 | |
born | 189 | |
died | 217 | |
authority-wikidata | Q468773 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 凌統 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Ling_Tong |
Ling Tong was more than just a military serviceman – he received high praise from the scholar-gentry for his gracious demeanour, bonhomie and generosity. Even though he had achieved fame and glory when he visited his hometown later in his life, he still treated commoners with utmost respect and humanity. Behind the frontline, Ling Tong conceived a strategy for dealing with and pacifying the Shanyue tribes – impressing them with a show of military might and offering them potential rewards – which led to the Wu government successfully recruiting over 10,000 Shanyue soldiers into their army and maintaining relative stability in the region. Known for his integrity and loyalty, Ling Tong, along with Lü Meng, was among Sun Quan's most valued generals.
Read more...: Early life Battle of Jiangxia Battle of Red Cliffs Battles in central Jing Province Conflict with Gan Ning Battle of Xiaoyao Ford Pacifying the Shanyue Death Descendants Appraisal In Romance of the Three Kingdoms In popular culture
Early life
Ling Tong was from Yuhang County (餘杭縣), Wu Commandery, which is present-day Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang. His father, Ling Cao, was a military officer serving under the warlord Sun Ce. Ling Cao held the rank of Colonel Who Defeats Bandits (破賊校尉) and continued serving Sun Quan after Sun Ce's death in the year 200. In 204, Sun Quan attacked Huang Zu, the Administrator of Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei). During the ensuing Battle of Xiakou, Ling Cao sailed alone a distance ahead on a small boat to infiltrate the enemy formation. Huang Zu abandoned his position and fled. Ling Cao was killed in the midst of battle by a stray arrow fired by Huang Zu's subordinate, Gan Ning.
Ling Tong was 15 when his father died. Sun Quan appointed Ling Tong as a Major of Separate Command (別部司馬) in consideration of the fact that Ling Cao died in service of the Sun family. As many spoke well of Ling Tong's ability, the teenage Ling Tong was allowed to inherit his father's post, as acting Colonel Who Defeats Bandits, and assume command of the troops which used to be led by his father.
Ling Tong participated in a campaign against bandits in the hilly regions of Wu. Sun Quan's main force captured a bandit stronghold and left behind 10,000 men under the command of Ling Tong and Zhang Yi (張異) to lay siege to another stronghold. The day before the battle, Ling Tong and Chen Qin (陳勤) attended a banquet together. Chen Qin was in charge of ceremonial duties during the banquet, but he abused his powers and went against the rules. Ling Tong was upset by Chen Qin's insolence so he confronted him. In anger, Chen Qin hurled abuse at Ling Tong and even insulted Ling Tong's deceased father. Ling Tong was in tears but he refrained himself and did not respond to the acrimony.
After the banquet, Chen Qin, who was drunk, insulted Ling Tong again on the road. Unable to tolerate further swearword, Ling Tong injured Chen Qin with his sword. Chen Qin died a few days later. The next day, before the battle, Ling Tong exclaimed: "Only through death can my transgression be cleansed!" He charged ahead of his troops during the battle in the face of enemy arrows and boulders. The side of the garrison which Ling Tong's army attacked fell immediately. The other commanders were roused by his victory and together they inflicted a crushing defeat on the enemy. After returning from the battle, Ling Tong bound himself and surrendered to the disciplinary officer. Sun Quan was impressed with Ling Tong's strong determination and pardoned him for insubordination in consideration of his contributions.
Battle of Jiangxia
In 208, Sun Quan attacked Huang Zu at Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei) again. Ling Tong was assigned as the leader of the vanguard force. He sailed in his boat far ahead of the main army with only tens of his closest men with him, and emerged victorious in the first engagement by slaying Huang Zu's subordinate, Zhang Shuo (張碩), and capturing all of Zhang Shuo's mariners with his much smaller force. He reported back to Sun Quan and led another attack on the enemy again, advancing on both land and water.
Knowing that Zhang Shuo had been slain and that the first line of defence had been broken, Huang Zu scuttled two of his largest mengchongs to block the entrance at the chokepoint of the Mian River, and sent his crossbowmen to station themselves there to fire at any approaching enemy forces. In addition, Huang Zu had strong men and archers ambushed on top of the cliff next to the river to throw down rocks and flaming debris. Sun Quan's forces suffered great casualties and were unable to advance any further. Ling Tong and Dong Xi, along with 100 "commandos", donned two layers of armour each and charged towards the enemy despite the rain of rocks from the cliff and the fusillade from the vessels. They succeeded in breaking the connections between the two vessels after tough fighting, thus allowing Sun Quan's forces to break through and enter Miankou. Furthermore, the destruction of the mengchongs actuated Sun Quan forces' fighting spirit, and they emerged victorious in the next battle, in which Lü Meng defeated Huang Zu's navy while Ling Tong conquered Jiangxia. Sun Quan appointed Ling Tong as a Commandant of Vehemence (承烈都尉).
Battle of Red Cliffs
In late 208, the northern warlord Cao Cao launched a campaign aimed at wiping out opposing forces in southern China. He successfully pressured Liu Cong, who had succeeded Liu Biao as the Governor of Jing Province, into surrendering. A few months later, Cao Cao assembled a force of 800,000 at Jiangling County, where countless warships and weapons were stored, and sent an envoy to intimidate Sun Quan to give up resistance. Sun Quan eventually hardened his decision to go to war with Cao Cao after Lu Su and Zhou Yu convinced him. He then formed an alliance with another warlord, Liu Bei, to resist Cao Cao. Ling Tong, under Zhou Yu's command, participated in the Battle of Red Cliffs, in which the combined armies of Sun Quan and Liu Bei dealt Cao Cao's massive fleet a crushing defeat at Wulin (烏林).
Battles in central Jing Province
Following the Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhou Yu led Sun Quan's forces to attack Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei), which was defended by Cao Cao's general Cao Ren. Zhou Yu sent Gan Ning to guard Yiling (夷陵; around present-day Yichang, Hubei), but Cao Ren ordered his subordinates to attack Yiling later. Gan Ning was under siege so he requested aid from Zhou Yu, who followed Lü Meng's plan to leave Ling Tong behind to defend their position while Zhou Yu and the other generals would lead reinforcements to help Gan. Ling Tong was left alone to engage the enemy in battle for about ten days under numerical disadvantage, but he managed to triumph against the odds by holding his ground firmly while his comrades were away. The battle dragged on until Cao Ren was eventually ordered to abandon Nan Commandery, resulting in the capture of the commandery by Sun Quan's forces. Ling Tong was promoted to Colonel (校尉) for his achievements in the battle
Ling Tong later moved east and followed Lü Meng and Gan Ning to attack Cao Cao's garrison at Wan County (皖縣; present-day Qianshan County, Anhui). They succeeded in conquering it. He was promoted to General of the Household Who Defeats Bandits (蕩寇中郎將) and was appointed as the Chancellor of Pei (沛相). In 215, Ling Tong joined Lü Meng in capturing Liu Bei's three commanderies of Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang. Later, they returned to Yiyang to counter an army led by Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, who was advancing south in an attempt to retake the lost commanderies. The territorial dispute was eventually resolved when both Sun Quan and Liu Bei agreed to divide Jing Province between their respective domains along the Xiang River.
Conflict with Gan Ning
Ling Tong had never forgiven Gan Ning for killing his father Ling Cao. Gan Ning was always on the defensive against Ling Tong and he tried to avoid meeting Ling whenever possible. Sun Quan also ordered Ling Tong to not seek vengeance on Gan Ning. Despite so, the two of them nearly exchanged blows in an incident during a banquet held in Lü Meng's house. When Ling Tong was performing a sword dance to entertain the guests, Gan Ning stood up and said: "I can also perform with my pair of jis." Lü Meng told Gan Ning: "You may be good in performing, but you aren't as good as me." He then drew his sword and carried a shield and stood between Ling Tong and Gan Ning to separate them. When Sun Quan heard about the incident, he reassigned Gan Ning to another garrison at Banzhou (半州).
Battle of Xiaoyao Ford
After reaffirming his alliance with Liu Bei, Sun Quan personally led an army to attack Hefei, which was defended by Cao Cao's general Zhang Liao, in order to divert Cao Cao's attention away from Hanzhong Commandery. Ling Tong served as a Commandant of the Right Section (右部督) during this campaign. Sun Quan's forces suffered heavy losses in the early skirmishes against Zhang Liao and were unable to conquer Hefei. When a plague broke out among his troops, Sun Quan decided to give up on the campaign and retreat.
At Xiaoyao Ford (逍遙津), Sun Quan's other divisions retreated first while Sun Quan himself remained behind with about only 1,000 men and a few officers, including Lü Meng, Jiang Qin, Ling Tong and Gan Ning. When Zhang Liao saw that, he immediately led his troops out of Hefei to launch a counterattack and completely took Sun Quan by surprise. Sun Quan wanted to recall the divisions which had retreated first but realised they could not return in time. Ling Tong led 300 men to break into the enemy encirclement to rescue his lord. After Sun Quan managed to escape by making his horse jump across the broken bridge and reach the other side of the ford, Ling Tong returned to the battlefield and continued to fight on and slay dozens of enemies. He sustained several wounds all over his body and all his men were killed. He only retreated when he assessed the situation and concluded that Sun Quan was safe.
As the bridge had already been destroyed, Ling Tong had to wade through the water with his armour on. By then, Sun Quan had already boarded a ship and he was surprised and delighted to see Ling Tong still alive. Ling Tong was very saddened as all his close aides had died and he could not contain his sorrow. Sun Quan wiped Ling Tong's tears and said: "Gongji, let the dead go. As long as you live, why worry that you will have no men under you?" As Ling Tong's injuries were very severe, Sun Quan kept him on board the ship and let him have a change of clothing. With the aid of quality medicine, Ling Tong managed to survive. He was promoted to Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) later and given twice the number of troops he originally commanded.
Pacifying the Shanyue
The Shanyue were tribal peoples rooted in the Wuyue region of ancient China during the Han dynasty. Since the southern part of China was not directly administered by the Han government even though it was Han territory in name, the Shanyue people performed regular raids against Han citizens to gather living essentials. The Shanyue had been a nuisance for the Sun family and their forces since they first set foot in Jiangdong.
Sun Quan had launched countless campaigns against them, but to no avail because the Shanyue had been living in the hills for a long time, were familiar with the area, and would go into hiding once they lost a battle. However, Ling Tong attempted a different approach to deal with the Shanyue. He proposed that Sun Quan attempt to win the hearts of the Shanyue and assimilate them instead of purely using military force to hamper them. He reasoned that if they could impress the Shanyue with the dignity of Sun Quan's administration and potential rewards, the Shanyue would succumb to them without bloodshed. After he was granted the staff of authority to request materiel from counties when required, he led a unit with flamboyant weapons and armour to begin his grand tactics. When the Shanyue discovered Sun Quan's forces after the latter had already ventured deep into their territories, they were indeed stunned by Ling Tong's unit; then Ling came out and told them if they would join Sun Quan's army, handsome rewards would be offered. Ling Tong's plan was a great success – tens of thousands of Shanyue men came out from their homes and joined him. He then selected 10,000 able-bodied men to form a unit and returned. Because of Ling Tong's success, his strategy would be adopted and modified by Zhuge Ke, another Wu general, at a later time.
Death
During his journey to the Shanyue territories, Ling Tong passed by his hometown and stopped there for a visit. He treated the townsfolk with the utmost respect and humility even though he had achieved fame and glory. He died of illness on the return journey at the age of 28. When Sun Quan heard of Ling Tong's death, he was filled with grief for several days. In recognition of Ling Tong's contributions to his regime, Sun Quan ordered Zhang Cheng to write a eulogy for Ling Tong.
Descendants
Ling Tong's two sons – Ling Lie (凌烈) and Ling Feng (凌封) – were both very young when their father died. Sun Quan brought them to his palace and treated them as though they were his sons. When guests came to visit him, he pointed at Ling Tong's sons and said: "They are my tiger boys." When Ling Tong's sons reached the age of seven or eight, Sun Quan ordered Ge Guang (葛光) to teach them to read and write, and train them in horse-riding every ten days. When Ling Lie became older, in recognition of his father's meritorious service, Sun Quan granted him the title of a village marquis (亭侯) and placed him in charge of the unit which used to be commanded by his father. Ling Lie lost his marquis title later and was discharged from service because he committed an offence; the title and military post were passed on to Ling Feng.
Appraisal
Ling Tong respected and befriended members of the scholar-gentry. They admired him even though he was a military serviceman. Being receptive, he had a reputation for being accommodating towards men of talent. Even when he was busy with work, he always took time to receive visitors. He viewed righteousness and loyalty as important values and saw wealth as inferior. He was thus praised by Chen Shou as a guoshi. Once, Sun Quan's subjects recommended a famous talent, Sheng Xian, to him. Ling Tong was asleep when he heard that Sheng Xian had arrived to meet his lord. He immediately got out of bed to receive Sheng Xian and held Sheng's hand while leading him to meet Sun Quan.
Ling Tong was reputed to have a strong sense of righteousness. During the battle at Nan Commandery, Zhou Yu ordered Gan Ning to attack Yiling (夷陵; around present-day Yichang, Hubei). Cao Ren sent an army to attack Gan Ning and had him surrounded. Gan Ning hurriedly requested for reinforcements, but the generals did not have enough men to spare to save him and believed it was not sagacious to send reinforcements because that would dilute the main army. Lü Meng spoke up, saying that they should help Gan Ning. He proposed to Zhou Yu that Ling Tong stay behind to keep Cao Ren in check while the rest of the generals go to reinforce Gan Ning. Lü Meng boldly asserted that he had confidence that Ling Tong could hold on for ten days. Ling Tong then took up his duties with responsibility. He countered Cao Ren's attacks alone, and bought time for the other generals to rescue Gan Ning.
Ling Tong was also brave in admitting his mistakes and displayed fervent determination in his actions. In his earlier years, he struck down a superior officer called Chen Qin, who earlier insulted him and his late father. The incident caused Chen Qin to die of severe wounds several days later. Ling Tong then fought recklessly in the battle against the bandits after exclaiming that only through death could he cleanse his deep guilt. Thus, his attack turned out to be a huge success, yet he bound himself and surrendered to the discipline officer after the victorious battle to await his punishment. However, Sun Quan pardoned him on account of his achievements and promoted him to a higher military rank.
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Ling Tong is a character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. Although his role in the novel is generally similar to that of his historical counterpart, his conflict with Gan Ning is highly dramatised.
In Chapter 67, during a banquet to celebrate their victory over Cao Cao's forces at Wan County, Ling Tong feels jealous when he sees Lü Meng praising Gan Ning so he offers to perform a sword dance and wants to use the opportunity to kill Gan Ning and avenge his father. Gan Ning senses Ling Tong's intention so he also offers to perform with his pair of jis. When Lü Meng realises that they are about to get into a fight, he draws his sword, carries a shield and stands in the middle to separate them. When Sun Quan hears about the incident, he comes to the banquet hall, orders them to lay down their weapons, and chides them for fighting among themselves. As Ling Tong kneels down and weeps, Sun Quan tries to calm him down and repeatedly urges him to stop provoking Gan Ning.
In Chapter 68, after the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford, when Ling Tong engages Yue Jin in a duel, Cao Xiu fires an arrow which hits Ling Tong's horse and causes Ling Tong to fall off the horse's back. Just as Yue Jin moves in for the kill, he suddenly gets hit by an arrow in the face. Both sides immediately rush forth to rescue their respective generals and withdraw their forces after that. Later, Ling Tong is surprised to learn that it was Gan Ning who saved him. He kneels down, thanks Gan Ning for saving his life, and begs for forgiveness. Gan Ning forgives him. Since then, Ling Tong forgets his past feud with Gan Ning and they become close friends.
In popular culture
Ling Tong is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. He also appears in all instalments of Koei's Romance of the Three Kingdoms series.
Read more...: 生平 年少名盛 英烈壯節 旋略勇進 浴血鏖戰 離別痛思 軼事與評論 逝世年齡 家庭 父 後代 評價 藝術形象 動漫遊戲 影視
生平
年少名盛
父親凌操輕俠有膽氣,孫策初時興兵,每次凌操從征,經常作先鋒首當其衝。守永平任永平長,平治山越,奸猾之徒也收斂,後遷升為破賊校尉。後來到孫權統軍,隨征江夏。凌操先登進入夏口,斬殺黃祖的先鋒。輕舟獨進,中箭矢而死。吳書記載甘寧擅射,射殺了凌操。凌統時年十五歲,左右的人多數都稱讚他,孫權以凌操死於國事,拜凌統為別部司馬,行破賊都尉,代其父統領父親生前的兵士。
英烈壯節
及後隨軍討伐山越,孫權破保屯後先回朝,留下萬人在麻屯,凌統與督軍張異等留下圍城破敵,並在限期內把敵軍攻下。先前,凌統與陳勤同場飲酒,陳勤性格剛勇意氣用事,酒祭祀期間,陳勤欺壓坐著的人,舉罰酒不按規矩。凌統恨其態度輕佻和傲慢無禮,當面指責陳勤但沒有效果。陳勤怒罵凌統和其父凌操,凌統流涕不回答,從原位離開。陳勤趁著自己喝了酒凶暴誖逆,又在路上繼續辱罵凌統。凌統終於忍無可忍,拿起刀來砍陳勤,數日後死亡。在攻麻屯當天,凌統說:「我不死沒法謝罪。」於是率軍激勵士卒,用身擋著矢石,他所攻打的一面,立即就瓦壞,眾將乘著攻勢進擊,遂即大破敵軍。凌統軍還,綁著自己到軍正那裡。孫權認為他的節氣果毅,使他以功謝罪。
旋略勇進
208年孫權再次征討江夏,凌統為前鋒,凌統與所得到的數十名英勇善戰的兵士共乘一船,時常離開大軍數十里。駛到右江,斬殺黃祖將領張碩,擄獲其船隻、士兵。返回到孫權大軍,並引領自軍兼程趕路,水路兩路齊進。當時孫權軍將領呂蒙打敗黃祖水軍,而凌統先攻下城池,於是大獲全勝。同年,赤壁之戰大敗曹軍,孫權任凌統為承烈都尉,與周瑜等人破曹操於烏林,再攻曹仁,遷升為校尉。雖然在軍旅,但凌統親賢接士,輕財重義,有國士之風。又跟隨呂蒙破皖城,後拜為盪寇中郎將,領沛相。
215年,隨呂蒙奪取劉備的長沙、零陵、桂陽三郡,奪取三郡後回師,從益陽直往合肥,時為右部督。
浴血鏖戰
同年,當時孫權撤軍,前軍已赴合肥,魏將張遼等眾已經靜悄悄來到津北。孫權使人追前頭的大軍返回,但前軍已經走得特別遠,形勢已經十分緊迫。凌統率身邊的三百人陷敵解圍,扶護孫權走出重圍。敵方已經把橋破壞,橋身只有兩板,孫權策馬奔走,凌統迴歸戰場作戰,左右親兵幾乎全數已死,身體亦傷創多數,他殺了數十人,揣測孫權已經成功逃脫才離開。橋段沒有路可行,只能披甲潛遁在水中而行,前邊是江河,後面追兵甚急,唯有在鎧甲還沒有來得及卸下的情況下跳水逃生。孫權見凌統回來,非常驚喜,但凌統卻悲痛自己左右親兵人馬都已為國殉死了,孫權用自己衣袖拭擦凌統的眼淚,並說道:「公績,死去的人已經死了,你還安在,有何憂慮呢?」凌統身體嚴重受創,孫權於是把凌統留于船上,換其衣物。凌統身上的創傷全賴卓氏良藥,所以故不得死去。此役後拜為偏將軍,加倍給他兵士。
時常有人推舉與凌統同郡的盛暹給孫權,認為此人比凌統更有梗概大節,孫權說:「如今暫時只有凌統就足夠。」入夜後召見盛暹,當時凌統已經在床上,聽到盛暹後,穿衣出門,捉著盛暹的手入自己臥室中,凌統愛惜人才不會禍害他人。
離別痛思
凌統認為山中之人大多壯悍,可以用威信、恩惠勸誘他們投降,孫權便命他東進,並命各城凡凌統要求,皆先給予後報告,募得精兵萬餘人。途中經過祖縣,並進入鄉寺,與鄉親舊友故恭敬盡禮,恩意極隆。此事後病逝,時年二十九歲。孫權知道後,立刻從床坐起來,哀痛不能制止,數日茶飯不思,說話時便會流涕,並命張承作了一編銘誄。
軼事與評論
凌統敬愛士人,士人也很喜愛他。而且雖在軍中,仍親自迎接、禮賢下士,輕財重義,譽為有國士之風。甚至曾為接見數有名氣的盛暹,雖然當時正在就寢,但仍攝衣出門迎接,執其手一起入內。
凌統公私分明,不因私仇忘公。南郡包圍戰時,周瑜麾下的將領甘寧襲取了夷陵,然而曹仁亦分軍往攻甘寧,甘寧軍被困甚急,乃遣使去請救兵。吳軍收到消息後,諸將均認為現在兵少,不足以分援甘寧,呂蒙指甘寧是軍隊的大將,不能不救,向周瑜、程普獻計說:「留下公績抵抗曹仁,蒙則隨君同行,為甘寧解圍救急,此行亦不會遷延太久,蒙保公績必能守住主軍十日的。」于此期間,凌統克盡己任,多次挫敗曹仁侵擾,致使甘寧獲救。
逝世年齡
後人對《三國志》的註疏(例如:盧弼的《三國誌集解》或梁章鉅的《三國志旁證》,兩本註釋的記載是二十九歲逝世,《建康實錄》也記載其卒于建安二十二年;而《三國志》記載是四十九歲逝世)有疑惑,凌統的逝世年齡是「四十九」還是「二十九」。據《駱統傳》的描述,駱統在凌統死後接管了他的兵權,接著就在222年和陸遜一同攻破了宜都的蜀軍,如果是四十九歲逝世,逝世時間是237年,駱統就不可能在凌統逝世後222年之前接管他的兵權,與《凌統傳》有矛盾之處。再加上凌統在215年第二次合肥之戰後就沒有其它事跡,以及他逝世時兒子尚年幼等因素,逝世時間和年齡是一個疑問,但二十九歲逝世比較合理。
家庭
父
• 凌操,孫策時期的將領,立有戰功,在征黃祖時戰死(被甘寧所殺)。
後代
• 長子凌烈、次子凌封,在凌統死時只有數歲,被孫權收養。凌烈後封為亭侯,但犯罪被免官,凌封襲兄爵位、士兵。
• 八世孫凌嵩,晉諮議叅軍、廣陵郡太守
評價
• 陳壽在《三國志》評曰:「(凌統)有國士之風。」「凡此諸將,皆江表之虎臣,孫氏之所厚待也。以潘璋之不脩,權能忘過記功,其保據東南,宜哉!陳表將家支庶,而與冑子名人比翼齊衡,拔萃出類,不亦美乎!」
• 陸機:「甘寧、凌統、程普、賀齊、朱桓、朱然之徒奮其威,韓當、潘璋、黃蓋、蔣欽、周泰之屬宣其力;風雅則諸葛瑾、張承、步騭以聲名光國。」
• 慕容廆:「不知今之江表為賢俊匿智,藏其勇略邪?將呂蒙、凌統高蹤曠世哉?」
• 蕭常:「(黃)蓋將略吏能,皆有可稱;(蔣)欽折節好學,以公滅私,(徐)盛憤惋于邢貞,統降意于盛暹,(丁)奉破強敵、夷鉅奸,舒徐不迫,皆江東之翹楚。」
• 章如愚:「如程普、黃蓋、甘寧、徐盛、潘璋、朱然、朱桓、賀齊、凌統、全琮、呂范,皆智足以御眾,勇足以卻敵,未有不為守令之職者。」
• 袁韶:「蜮視曹瞞,霆掃鋒蝟。翼蔽仲謀,脫危虎尾。忠不顧身,有霣無二。豈曰兵家,為古國士。」
• 郝經:「程普諸將皆江表虎臣,鏖兵衛主,攻堅軋敵,興王定霸,孫氏兄弟卒立國建號,諸將之力也。若黃蓋之水戰而用火攻,能用奇者也;蔣欽之不挾私怨而舉徐盛;凌統之親賢下士輕財重義;陳表傾家養士妻子露立,並有良將之規。甘寧之奢侈、潘璋之不法,權皆容之,許寧報蘇飛之恩,不使統複父,操之讎馭將之術也。丁奉恃功而驕,不容于虐主,宜哉!」「吳將剽輕,殆多譎計。莫肯下人,卒自稱帝。摩創撫孤,動輒流涕。駕馭有術,驅策有方。果保江東,不負桓王。」
• 鍾敬伯:「甘寧、凌統不共戴天之仇,一朝改為一刎頸之友,固丈夫事也。」
• 李贄:「觀甘寧、凌統不共戴天,一朝改為刎頸之友,乃知世上無不解之仇,只是人不肯先為甘寧耳.吾勸世人勇為甘寧可也。」
• 《三國志校誤》的作者陳景雲:「(凌)統自攝領父兵屢立戰功為時名將。」
藝術形象
動漫遊戲
• 真三國無雙系列 / 無雙OROCHI系列(光榮公司開發,松野太紀配音)
• 三國演義
• 《蒼天航路》(王欣太)
• 《火鳳燎原》(陳某):設定祖父凌宗和父親凌操為孫家軍成員,同時為了主子而死
影視
• 在央視94年版電視劇《三國演義》中,凌統的飾演者為王剛(與《孝莊秘史》中袁崇煥的飾演者為同一人,非飾演和珅出名的王剛)和韓增祥,日語版聲優為高木涉。
• 2010年中國電視劇《三國》凌統的飾演者為丁健
Text | Count |
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三國志 | 2 |
御定淵鑑類函 | 2 |
大清一統志 | 2 |
夢粱錄 | 2 |
資治通鑑 | 2 |
通志 | 2 |
御批歷代通鑑輯覽 | 2 |
名賢氏族言行類稿 | 2 |
冊府元龜 | 2 |
文選 | 2 |
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