Family background

Prince Bao was born to Emperor An and his concubine Consort Li in 115, apparently shortly after Emperor An had created his favourite Yan Ji empress. Empress Yan had no sons, and out of jealousy, she poisoned Consort Li to death, an act that went unpunished. Empress Yan would continue to hold a grudge against Prince Bao, despite his youth.

In 120, Emperor An created Prince Bao crown prince, as he was Emperor An's only son.

Removal as crown prince and enthronement

In 124, some of the people trusted by Emperor An, eunuchs Jiang Jing (江京) and Fan Feng (樊豐) and his wet nurse Wang Sheng (王聖), for reasons no longer known, falsely accused Crown Prince Bao's wet nurse Wang Nan (王男) and chef Bing Ji (邴吉, not to be confused with Emperor Xuan's prime minister of the same name) of unspecified crimes. Emperor An executed Wang and Bing and exiled their families. The nine-year-old crown prince was greatly saddened. Jiang and Fan, fearful of reprisals later, entered into a conspiracy with Empress Yan (who had always hated Crown Prince Bao since he was not her own son) to falsely accuse Crown Prince Bao and his servants of crimes. Emperor An believed them and demoted Crown Prince Bao to be the Prince of Jiyin.

In 125, Emperor An died suddenly while on a trip to Wancheng (宛城, in modern Nanyang, Henan). Although Prince Bao was Emperor An's only son and therefore logical heir, Empress Yan resolved to make someone younger to be the emperor so that she could better control him. She therefore made Liu Yi, the Marquess of Beixiang, emperor. The 10-year-old Prince Bao was excluded not only from succession but even from the official mourning for his father. Empress Dowager Yan and her brothers dominated the political scene.

Later that year, the young emperor was gravely ill. The eunuch Sun Cheng, loyal to Prince Bao, entered into a conspiracy with Prince Bao's head of household, Changxing Qu (長興渠), and other eunuchs to restore Prince Bao. After the young emperor died, Sun and 18 of his fellow eunuchs made a surprise attack on the palace, killing Jiang and forcing Jiang's colleague Li Run (李閏) to join them. They then welcomed Prince Bao to the palace and declared him emperor. For several days, the eunuchs' forces battled with the empress dowager's forces, finally defeating the empress dowager and her brothers. The Yan clan was slaughtered, while Empress Dowager Yan was confined to her palace until her death in 126.

Early reign

At the start of Emperor Shun's reign, the people were hopeful that he would reform the political situation from the pervasive corruption under the Yans. However, the teenage emperor proved to be a kind but weak ruler. While he trusted certain honest officials, he also trusted many corrupt eunuchs, who quickly grabbed power. In 126, Sun Cheng tried to encourage the young emperor to carry out extensive reforms, but was instead removed from the capital for his audacity. Sun was recalled to the capital in 128, but continued to lack any influence to put into effect concrete reforms. Another major influence on Emperor Shun was his wet nurse Song E (宋娥), who was described as a kind woman. But she lacked the ability to be an effective advisor to the Emperor. Rather, as she took on the role of an empress dowager.

Early in Emperor Shun's reign, Ban Chao's son, Ban Yong, was able to effectively restore Han suzerainty over Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia) kingdoms, but in 127, Ban Yong was falsely accused of being late in arriving for a military action and removed from his office. After Ban Yong's removal, the situation in Xiyu gradually deteriorated.

Other than these events, the rule of Emperor Shun was generally one during which the empire avoided periods of political turmoil. Although the emperor lacked capability, and corruption continued to run unchecked, his personal kindness allowed the people a measure of peace.

In 131, Emperor Shun wanted to create an empress, and not wanting to play favourites, he considered drawing lots before the gods to determine who should be the empress. After his officials discouraged him from this action, he finally selected one of his consorts, Liang Na, as the one he considered most virtuous and most rational. He created her empress in 132. She was 16 and he was 19. Her father Liang Shang (梁商) became an honoured official and was gradually promoted to increasingly important posts.

Late reign

In 135, two major political changes occurred. Eunuch-marquesses began to be allowed to pass their marches to their adopted sons, and Liang Shang became the commander of the armed forces and effectively the most powerful individual in the imperial government. Neither of these developments appeared at the time to be major, but had great implications. The former demonstrated that the power of the eunuchs was becoming systemic, and the latter led to the start of the Liangs controlling the imperial government for several administrations.

Liang Shang was, much like his son-in-law, a kind man who lacked any real political abilities, even though he appeared to be honest, compassionate and ethical. For example, in 138, when there was a conspiracy by some eunuchs to undermine him that Emperor Shun discovered, he advocated leniency, and while Emperor Shun did not completely agree with him, Liang's intercession clearly saved many lives. However, both he and Emperor Shun trusted his son Liang Ji (梁冀) who, unlike his father, was corrupt and violent.

From 136 to 138, there were a number of native rebellions in various parts of southern China. While these were generally put down with relative ease (in particular, the rebels generally surrendered willingly if the corrupt officials they were protesting against were replaced by Emperor Shun), these would foreshadow the much more serious rebellions that would come in the next few decades. Further, in 139, the Qiang again rebelled, and this time the rebellion would not be put down easily and would plague Emperor Shun for the rest of his reign. Indeed, in 141, the Qiang forces annihilated a Han force led by Ma Xian and set fire to the tomb-gardens of a number of Western Han emperors in the Chang'an region. Further, agrarian rebellions started in Jing (荊州, modern Hunan, Hubei, and southern Henan) and Yang (揚州, modern Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and central and southern Jiangsu, Anhui) Provinces and would not be pacified for the rest of Emperor Shun's reign.

Also in 141, Liang Shang died. Inexplicably, Emperor Shun gave his post to Liang's son Liang Ji and gave Liang Ji's post to his younger brother Liang Buyi (梁不疑). Liang Ji proceeded to seize power at every opportunity, and even though Liang Buyi tried to encourage his brother to be moderate in his behaviour, his pleas fell on deaf ears.

In 144, apparently already ill, Emperor Shun created his only son Liu Bing, born of his concubine Consort Yu in 143, crown prince. Later that year, Emperor Shun died, and Crown Prince Bing succeeded him as Emperor Chong. Empress Dowager Liang served as regent, and while she personally appeared capable, her trust in her brother Liang Ji would lead to a further decline in the standing of the Eastern Han.

Era names

• Yongjian (永建) 126–132

• Yangjia (陽嘉) 132–135

• Yonghe (永和) 136–141

• Hanan (漢安) 142–144

• Jiankang (建康) 144

Family

Consorts and Issue:

• Empress Shunlie, of the Liang clan (順烈皇后 梁氏; 116–150), personal name Na (妠)

• Meiren, of the Yu clan (美人 虞氏; d. 179)

　• Princess Wuyang (舞陽公主), personal name Sheng (生), first daughter

　• Liu Bing, Emperor Xiaochong (孝衝皇帝 劉炳; 143–145), first son

• Unknown

　• Princess Guanjun (冠軍公主), personal name Chengnan (成男), second daughter

　• Princess Ruyang (汝陽公主), personal name Guang (廣), third daughter

Ancestry

生平

劉保出生後，生母李氏就被皇后閻姬毒殺。

劉保從小學習孝經章句，很得鄧太后欣賞，認為他可以繼承大統。永寧元年（120年），身為漢安帝獨子的劉保被立為皇太子。

延光三年（124年），劉保生病，來到漢安帝乳母王聖家居住。當時王聖宅邸剛完成不久，劉保乳母王男、廚監邴吉認為不祥，反對太子劉保前去居住，于是與王聖等人爆發激烈爭吵。王聖等人大怒，于是聯合大長秋江京、中常侍樊豐等誣陷太子劉保的乳母王男、廚監邴吉。兩人被殺，太子數為嘆息。王聖等人懼有後禍，遂與樊豐、江京、漢安帝皇后閻姬共同構陷太子劉保。漢安帝召集大臣議論，太常桓焉、太僕來歷、廷尉張皓等反對，漢安帝派人威脅反對廢太子的大臣，最後只有來歷堅決阻止漢安帝廢太子。漢安帝大怒，下令罷免來歷的官位，並立即廢太子劉保為濟陰王。來歷不服，糾集11位官員和百姓上書喊冤，漢安帝不為所動。

漢安帝死後，閻皇后無子，便找個幼兒劉懿為皇帝，自己臨朝稱制，掌握朝政大權。漢安帝喪葬期間，閻皇后等不讓劉保上殿靠近棺材，劉保悲傷吐血，餐粥不食。劉懿做了7個月的皇帝就死了，閻顯等認為先前不立劉保，現在如果立他為帝，劉保會怨恨我們。於是稟告閻太后，繼續讓諸侯王子來京師挑選繼承人。宦官王康、孫程等19人看不下去，便發動宮廷政變，趕走閻太后，將時年11歲的劉保擁立為帝，改元「永建」，那19位擁立劉保的宦官也全部封侯。同時閻太后黨羽也被罷黜。閻太后被幽禁離宮，但順帝拒絕了陳禪等人以無母子之情為由廢太后的提議，仍尊奉閻太后直至其去世。

漢順帝雖本為太子，但他的皇位是靠宦官得來的，所以將大權交給宦官。順帝本人則溫和但是軟弱，無法阻止宦官與外戚專政的局面。

後來宦官與外戚梁氏勾結，開始了長達20多年的梁冀專權。

建康元年（144年）9月20日，漢順帝死，享年30歲，在位19年。10月26日，葬於漢憲陵。漢順帝安葬當年，憲陵就被盜賊盜掘。

順帝死後謚號孝順皇帝，廟號敬宗，後於漢獻帝初平元年因其無功德故除去廟號。

家庭

后妃

• 梁妠

• 梁貴人，梁妠姑姑。

• 伏貴人，伏晨的孫女

• 竇貴人，竇章的女兒

• 虞美人，漢衝帝生母

• 友通期，梁商所獻美人，因過錯被順帝歸于梁商，再嫁他人

子女

• 劉炳，即漢衝帝

• 劉生，母虞美人，封舞陽長公主

• 劉成男，封冠軍長公主

• 劉廣，封汝陽長公主

嗣子

• 漢質帝劉纘

• 漢桓帝劉志