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-> 和珅

和珅[View] [Edit] [History]
ctext:405330

RelationTargetTextual basis
typeperson
name鈕祜祿和珅
name和珅default
name-style致齋清史稿·列傳一百六》:和珅,字致齋,鈕祜祿氏,滿洲正紅旗人。
authority-cbdb59024
authority-sinica2308
authority-wikidataQ45674398
authority-wikidataQ700179
link-wikipedia_zh和珅
link-wikipedia_enHeshen
held-officeoffice:戶部尚書
    from-date 乾隆四十五年三月辛丑
1780/4/26
清史稿·本紀十四 高宗本紀五》:辛丑,命英廉為東閣大學士,和珅為戶部尚書。
held-officeoffice:正白旗領侍衛內大臣
    from-date 乾隆四十五年五月丁卯
1780/7/21
清史稿·本紀十四 高宗本紀五》:丁卯,以和珅為正白旗領侍衛內大臣。
held-officeoffice:吏部尚書
    from-date 乾隆四十九年七月癸酉
1784/9/4
清史稿·本紀十四 高宗本紀五》:調和珅為吏部尚書、協辦大學士,
held-officeoffice:協辦大學士
    from-date 乾隆四十九年七月癸酉
1784/9/4
清史稿·本紀十四 高宗本紀五》:調和珅為吏部尚書、協辦大學士,兼管戶部。
held-officeoffice:一等男
    from-date 乾隆四十九年九月乙卯
1784/10/16
清史稿·本紀十四 高宗本紀五》:乙卯,以回匪平,封和珅一等男。
member-oforganization:滿洲正紅旗清史稿·列傳一百六》:和珅,字致齋,鈕祜祿氏,滿洲正紅旗人。
Heshen (; 和珅 Héshēn|w=Ho2-shen1; 1 July 1750 – 22 February 1799) of the Manchu Niohuru clan, was an official of the Qing dynasty favored by the Qianlong Emperor. Born Shanbao (Shan-pao; ), his given name was later changed to Heshen. His courtesy name was Zhizhai (Chih-chai; ). He was a member of the Plain Red Banner, and known as the most corrupt official in Chinese history. Heshen was born as the son of a Manchu military officer and was selected to go to the most privileged school for Manchu aristocratic boys. He lost his mother when he was young and it was said he and his younger brother had a hard life under his stepmother. However, it was reported that Heshen was an excellent student, knowing several languages including Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca), Manchu, Mongolian and Tibetan. In 1772, he began work in the Imperial Palace, assigned as an imperial bodyguard and was stationed at the gates to the Forbidden City. As an official, he is remembered as the most corrupt official in Chinese history, acquiring for himself over his career property worth 1,100 million taels of silver, equal to roughly 270 billion dollars (USD).

Read more...: Ascendance   Fall   In popular culture   Alternative views   Former residence   Family   Genealogic tree  

The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the original article.

和珅(ᡥᡝᡧᡝᠨ|v=Hešen|a=Hexen;1750年7月1日 - 1799年),鈕祜祿氏,字致齋,自號嘉樂堂、十笏園、綠野亭主人,原名善保,一作善寶,滿洲正紅旗人,清朝乾隆年間政治家、內務府皇商。官拜正一品文華殿大學士、領侍衛內大臣兼領軍機大臣,總管內務府大臣,乾隆晚期到嘉慶初年權傾天下。

和珅是清朝歷史上的豪商,也是歷史上最貪婪的官員(按年代市值率比較)。

和珅善於打交道,在清朝的外交事務擔任重要職位,連英王喬治三世特使馬戛爾尼也對和珅的外交手法十分讚賞。和珅初為官時,精明強幹,為政清廉,通過李侍堯案鞏固自己的地位。經歷與成就豐富,故乾隆帝對其寵信有加,並將其么女十公主嫁給和珅長子豐紳殷德,使和珅不僅大權在握,而且成為皇親國戚。隨著權力的增長,他的私慾也日益膨脹,利用職務之便,結黨營私,聚斂錢財,並以賄賂、迫害、恐嚇、暴力、綁架等方式籠絡地方勢力、打擊政敵。此外,和珅還親自經營工商業,開設當舖75間,設大小銀號300多間,且跟英國東印度公司、廣東十三行有商業往來。成為後世口中權傾天下、富可敵國的「貪官之王」、「貪污之王」。和珅同時亦是18世紀的世界首富,超越了同時期的梅耶·羅斯柴爾德。

嘉慶帝監察御史錢灃、大學士劉墉、翰林院編修范衷、軍機大臣王傑、戶部尚書董誥、禮部侍郎朱珪為代表的朝中清議力量,曾多次彈劾和珅,但由於乾隆帝的袒護,和珅均能化險為夷。

嘉慶4年(1799年)正月初三,太上皇乾隆帝駕崩。5天後,嘉慶帝即下旨將和珅革職下獄。抄家時發現,在和珅當權的20多年中,其資產包括二千萬至三千多萬兩白銀(其中大部分為其違法工商經營所得,清代規定旗人不得經商,和珅利用內務府包衣奴才,藉公務之便以皇室之名,借勢巧取豪奪,雖說經商,在大清律下仍是貪瀆的犯行)、兼併全國千百萬頃的土地以及219間房產。在他的保護之下,他的家奴劉全也成了日擲千金的暴發戶。和珅所聚斂的財富,約值八億至十一億兩白銀,其所擁有的黃金白銀與古玩珍寶,超過了清朝政府15年來財政收入的總和。

乾隆帝死後15天,嘉慶帝以一條白綾賜和珅自盡。和珅在被賜死之前寫了一首詩,其中有云:「對景傷前事,懷才誤此身。」

Read more...: 生平事蹟   貧困時期   初期(乾隆34年至乾隆45年)   安明案   與永貴和解   李侍堯案   中期(乾隆45年至乾隆53年)   乾隆寵信   甘肅亂事   隨乾隆下江南   國泰案   主辦千叟宴(第一次)   曹錫寶案   權臣時期(乾隆五十三年至嘉慶四年)   權傾天下   尹壯圖案   會見馬戛爾尼   主辦千叟宴(第二次)   手握重兵   「二皇帝」   伏法   和珅20大罪   個人   為人奢侈   文學造詣   商業才能   教子有方   善伺乾隆   宗教信仰   影響   貪污制度   中衰之因   家族   祖先   父親   弟弟     嫡妻       家系   評價   逸事   拍馬屁   頑石   影視形象   注釋   延伸閱讀  

The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the original article.

SourceRelation
鈕祜祿豐紳殷德father

TextCount
清史稿99
欽定平定台灣紀略2
清史紀事本末3
清稗類鈔34
URI: https://data.ctext.org/entity/405330 [RDF]

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