Service under Hao Xiaode, Li Mi, Wang Shichong, and Dou Jiande

Little is known about Liu Heita's background, and it is not known when he was born. He was from Zhangnan (漳南, in modern Handan, Hebei)—the same county as Dou Jiande—and was said to be brave and quick in reaction from his youth. He was also said to favor drinking and gambling, much to his father's and brothers' dismay. He became friendly with Dou, and whenever he lacked money, Dou would support him. He eventually joined agrarian rebels rising against Sui Dynasty rule, and he initially followed Hao Xiaode (郝孝德), and then after Hao joined Li Mi's forces, served under Li. After Li was defeated by Wang Shichong, then a Sui general, in 618, as Wang knew of Liu's ferocity, he made Liu a cavalry officer, but he thought little of Wang's actions, and often secretly laughed at Wang.

In 619, Liu was serving in the army of Wang's newly established state of Zheng (as Wang had the final Sui emperor, Yang Tong, yield the throne to him earlier that year), defending Xinxiang (新鄉, in modern Xinxiang, Henan), when he was captured by Li Shiji, a Tang Dynasty general who had been forced to submit to and serve Dou's state of Xia. Dou made Liu a general and created him the Duke of Handong. He often had Liu command guerilla forces to make surprise attacks, and sometimes covertly entering enemy territory for intelligence purposes. It was said that Liu won many victories under Dou.

Uprising against Tang

In 621, with Wang Shichong's state of Zheng under attack by the Tang general Li Shimin the Prince of Qin (the eventual Emperor Taizong) and in desperate straits, Dou Jiande believed that if Zheng were destroyed by Tang, his own Xia state would be cornered. He therefore launched his army, seeking to save Zheng's capital Luoyang. Li Shimin engaged him at the Battle of Hulao, and Dou was captured. Wang then surrendered. The Xia forces considered continuing to resist, but under the leadership of the official Qi Shanxing, they surrendered Xia territory to Tang.

However, subsequently, Dou was executed by Emperor Gaozu of Tang (Li Shimin's father). The former Xia generals and officials, who had returned to civilian life but who had been often harassed by Tang officials and worried that they would also be executed, gathered secretly and considered rising against Tang rule. After they, led by Gao Yaxian (高雅賢), were informed by fortunetellers that their leader should be someone named Liu, they first offered their leadership to the general Liu Ya, who refused (and was then killed by them). They instead offered the leadership to Liu Heita, who was then retired and tending to his garden, and he accepted. In fall 621, they officially rose and captured Zhangnan. The former Xia soldiers gradually came out of retirement and joined him, and Liu offered sacrifices to Dou's spirit, declaring that the Xia forces had risen to avenge him. His uprising was echoed by another agrarian leader, Xu Yuanlang, who had submitted to Tang but by now was nominally submitting to him.

Tang's emperor Gaozu initially sent his cousin Li Shentong (李神通) the Prince of Huai'an against Liu, in conjunction with the Tang official Li Yi the Prince of Yan. Liu defeated Li Shentong, however, at Raoyang (饒陽, in modern Hengshui, Hebei). Liu then defeated Li Yi as well, and Liu's fame spread through the region. He also entered into an alliance with another agrarian leader, Gao Kaidao the Prince of Yan, as well as the Eastern Turks (Dongtujue). Around the new year 622, Liu defeated Li Xiaochang (李孝常, the son of a cousin of Emperor Gaozu) and Li Shiji as well, and recovered all of former Xia territory—the region north of the Yellow River. Emperor Gaozu, now realizing that Liu was a major threat, decided to send Li Shimin and another son, Li Yuanji the Prince of Qi, to attack Liu. Meanwhile, in spring 622, Liu claimed the title of Prince of Handong. He organized his government in the same manner Dou did, retaining most of former Xia officials and generals. Historians commented that he was even more fierce and resolute in military actions than Dou. He set his capital at Mingzhou (now Guangfu), the same location as Dou's capital.

Defeat and death

Li Shimin arrived from the south as Liu was besieging Quzhou. Li Yi was coming from the north and the two Tang generals planned to capture the northern road from the Yellow River through Mingzhou to Yuzhou (Beijing), combining their forces and isolating the rebels from their Turkish allies. Liu split his forces. He was able to capture Luo Shixin and, when Luo refused to join the rebels, had him executed. The other wing of his forces were defeated by Li Yi.

Eventually, the Tang and Handong forces stalemated across the Ming River for more than 60 days. Both sides tried to attack each other, without success. Meanwhile, Li Shimin set up a dam upstream on the Ming River. When Liu attacked, Li Shimin had the dam destroyed, and much of the Handong army was drowned. Liu was able to flee with his general Wang Xiaohu (王小胡), but Handong defenses otherwise collapsed. Liu fled to the Eastern Turks (Dongtujue), and Handong territory fell into Tang hands.

In summer 622, Liu, with Turkish reinforcements, tried to return to the region. Li Yi was unable to stop him. With Li Shimin having already returned to Chang'an at that point, Emperor Gaozu sent another son of a cousin, Li Daoxuan (李道玄) the Prince of Huaiyang, to attack Liu, along with Li Yuanji. However, Liu's army won battle after battle, and in winter 622, Liu engaged Li Daoxuan at Xiabo (下博, in modern Hengshui), defeating and killing Li Daoxuan. Within half a month, Liu again recovered all of former Xia territory. Li Yuanji feared his power and hesitated at engaging him.

Meanwhile, Emperor Gaozu's oldest son, Li Jiancheng the Crown Prince, was by now in an intense rivalry with Li Shimin, as he feared that Li Shimin had the intent to seize the throne for himself rather than yielding to Li Jiancheng as the older brother. When Emperor Gaozu considered sending Li Shimin again, Li Jiancheng, at the suggestion of his staff members Wang Gui and Wei Zheng, volunteered. Emperor Gaozu therefore sent him. Meanwhile, Liu's forces became bogged down while sieging Tang's Wei Prefecture (魏州, in modern Handan as well), and when Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji arrived, Liu's forces ran out of food supplies and collapsed. Liu was able to flee, but in spring 623, as his flight, with only about 100 guards, took him to Rao Prefecture (饒州, in modern Hengshui), his prefect of Rao Prefecture, Zhuge Dewei, welcomed him into the city and held a feast for him. In the middle of the feast, however, Zhuge ambushed him and his guards, capturing them and delivering them to Li Jiancheng. Li Jiancheng had Liu Heita and his brother Liu Shishan executed in the marketplace of his former capital Mingzhou. Before his death, Liu Heita lamented:

:I was tending my garden. It was those people led by Gao Yaxian who brought me to this point.

生平

少時與竇建德為友。隋末從郝孝德參加瓦崗軍。唐朝武德元年（618年），李密領導的瓦崗軍潰敗，他為王世充所俘，世充以他為騎將，守新鄉（今屬河南），不久率部逃回河北，從竇建德，封漢東郡公，以驍勇多謀著稱。武德四年（621年），竇建德為唐軍所敗，黑闥歸鄉里，種蔬菜自給。

唐軍派往河北的官吏往往暴虐，七月，竇建德被斬首於長安，舊將范願、董康買、曹湛、高雅賢等既憤，長嘆：「若不起兵報仇，實亦恥見天下人物。」眾推黑闥為王，率餘部再起，大敗唐淮安王李神通、幽州總管羅藝聯軍，擊走徐世勣，又擒薛萬均兄弟，半年之間恢復竇建德舊地。又遣使北結突厥。

五年正月，劉黑闥至相州，稱漢東王，建元天造。以范願為左僕射，董康買為兵部尚書，高雅賢為右領軍，又引建德時文武悉復本位，定都洺州（今河北省邯鄲市永年區）。李世民率軍來戰，時洺水縣人請為內應，於是遣總管羅士信入城據守，黑闥又攻陷其城，士信戰死，遂據洺州。後陷入殭持，又戰於洺水（在今河北曲周西），唐軍遣人決洺水堰，水淹漢東軍，黑闥等奔突厥。

此後，劉黑闥數引突厥貴族攻掠河北各地，曹湛、董康買等聚兵響應。黑闥斬唐河北道行軍大總管淮陽王李道玄於下博（今河北深縣東南）、原國公史萬寶輕騎逃還；迫唐洺州總管廬江王李瑗棄城逃亡，盡復其地，仍以洺州為都。

六年，唐太子李建成、齊王元吉以全力進攻，兩軍相峙於昌樂（今河南南樂）。此時李建成以魏徵之計，釋放俘虜以誘降，部分將士被誘，發動叛變，黑闥兵敗，率數百騎夜走館陶（今屬河北），李建成命騎將劉弘基追擊緊，武德六年（623年）一月初五至饒州（今河北饒陽），從者僅百餘人，欲入城求食，他所任的饒州總管崔元遜有三千餘軍隊，想接納劉黑闥，守城勾結突厥。崔元遜出迎，請劉黑闥入城，劉黑闥不肯，崔元遜哭著堅請，他才到城邊鬧市中歇息，崔元遜給他食物，他鋪設好了坐下吃，崔元遜請求讓城中兵供他檢閱，說這些都是精銳，可以守城。劉黑闥一邊吃一邊同意了。崔元遜召兵展示時，先前已被鄉長張善護說服生擒劉黑闥的車騎諸葛德威率健卒出來擒住劉黑闥，解送李建成，舉城投降。劉黑闥罵道：「狗輩負我！」李建成遂斬殺劉黑闥及弟劉十善等於洺州，首級傳送長安。劉黑闥臨刑說：「我當初有幸逃生在家鋤菜，為高雅賢輩所誤至此。」

注釋