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楊愔[View] [Edit] [History]ctext:459276
Relation | Target | Textual basis |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 楊愔 | |
born | 511 | |
died | 560 | |
authority-cbdb | 172594 | |
authority-wikidata | Q1022107 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 楊愔 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Yang_Yin |
Read more...: Background Service under Gao Huan and Gao Cheng Service under Emperor Wenxuan Service under Emperor Fei
Background
Yang Yin came from a clan that produced many officials of Northern Wei. His father was Yang Jin, and his mother was Yang Jin's wife Lady Yuan, who came from a noble lineage herself, being the granddaughter of the famed official Yuan He. In his youth, he studied the histories, the Shi Jing, and the I Ching, but particularly favored the Zuo Zhuan version of the Spring and Autumn Annals.
In 526, during the reign of Emperor Xiaoming, Northern Wei was suffering greatly from agrarian rebellions, and Yang Jing was commissioned with an army as the governor of Ding Province, roughly modern Baoding, Hebei). Yang Yin accompanied his father to Ding Province, and on account of his contribution to his father's campaign, was created the Baron of Weichang. However, in spring 528, Ding Province fell to the rebel general Du Luozhou, and Yang Jing's household was imprisoned by Du. Soon thereafter, Du was defeated by another rebel general, Ge Rong. Ge wanted to marry one of his daughters to Yang Yin and make him an official, but Yang, not willing to accept Ge's commission, pretended to be ill by holding cow blood in his mouth and then spitting it out. In 529, after Ge Rong had been defeated by the Northern Wei paramount general Erzhu Rong, Yang Yin returned to the Northern Wei capital Luoyang and was made a low level imperial official in the administration of Emperor Xiaozhuang. Later that year, when Yuan Hao the Prince of Beihai claimed imperial title under support from Liang Dynasty and captured Luoyang briefly, forcing Emperor Xiaozhuang to flee, Yang Yin convinced his cousin Yang Kan to remain loyal to Emperor Xiaozhuang. However, after Yuan Hao was subsequently defeated by Erzhu, permitting Emperor Xiaozhuang to return to Luoyang, Yang Yin believed that the empire was not yet at peace and decided to leave governmental service, taking up a hermit's existence with his friend Xing Shao at Mount Song.
Service under Gao Huan and Gao Cheng
Thereafter, however, Yang Yin's cousin Yang Youqing, while advising Emperor Xiaowu, whom Gao Huan had made emperor, used strong language that offended Emperor Xiaowu and was put to death. Another member of Gao's staff, Guo Xiu, was jealous of Yang's abilities, and he therefore gave Yang false news that Gao was intending to deliver him to Emperor Xiaowu. Yang therefore pretended to have committed suicide by drowning, but changed his name to Liu Shi'an and fled to Guang Province, roughly modern Yantai, Shandong) and hid on an island. In 535, after Northern Wei had divided into Eastern Wei (with Gao in control) and Western Wei (with Yuwen Tai in control), Gao heard that Yang was still alive, and had the governor of Guang Province find him and invite him back to serve on staff. Yang agreed, and Gao married one of his daughters by a concubine to Yang. He subsequently gradually rose in ranks. After Gao Huan's death in 547, Yang continued to serve Gao Huan's heir Gao Cheng, who took over as regent. In 549, Gao Cheng convened a meeting with Yang, Chen Yuankang, and Cui Jishu to discuss the process of seizing the throne from Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei, when Gao Cheng's slave Lan Jing made a surprise attack on Gao Cheng, killing him and Chen. Yang was able to flee from Lan's attack and was not killed. Subsequently, Gao Cheng's younger brother Gao Yang took over the regency, and in 550 took over the throne, ending Eastern Wei and establishing Northern Qi.
Service under Emperor Wenxuan
Emperor Wenxuan made Yang Yin his prime minister and created him the Duke of Huashan, and during Emperor Wenxuan's reign, Yang served capably, finding appropriate officials for the key posts. Therefore, although Emperor Wenxuan, particularly late in his reign, turned violent and wasteful, the imperial government nevertheless functioned effectively. Yang was praised for remembering those who had helped him in the past, repaying them greatly, but not bearing grudges against those who had tried to hurt him. With Emperor Wenxuan, in his late years, accustomed to killing people for entertainment while he was drunk, Yang thought of an unusual solution—he sent a supply of condemned prisoners to the palace, to be killed whenever Emperor Wenxuan wanted to kill someone; if the prisoners could survive three months without being killed, they would be freed. Emperor Wenxuan's brother Gao Jun the Prince of Yong'an, once rebuked Yang for not trying to dissuade Emperor Wenxuan from his behavior, and Yang, who knew that Emperor Wenxuan was particularly suspicious whenever governmental officials conversed with imperial princes, reported the conversation to Emperor Wenxuan, eventually leading to Gao Jun's imprisonment and death. By 559, Yang's title was Prince of Kaifeng.
Service under Emperor Fei
Emperor Fei's uncle Gao Yan the Prince of Changshan, while respected by the people, was not given great power, and while his (and Emperor Wenxuan's) mother Empress Dowager Lou Zhaojun had some desire to have Gao Yan made emperor instead, there was insufficient support at the time, and Yang, in fear that Gao Yan and another brother of Emperor Wenxuan, Gao Zhan the Prince of Changguang, would try to take power, took steps to curb their authorities. Emperor Fei honored his grandmother Empress Dowager Lou as grand empress dowager and mother Empress Li as empress dowager. Pursuant to his edicts, the palace construction projects that Emperor Wenxuan started, which caused much misery for his people in the latter years of his reign, were halted.
As Emperor Fei took the throne while he was attending to his father's deathbed at the secondary capital Jinyang, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), when he proceeded to the capital Yecheng in spring 560, it was initially believed that Gao Yan or Gao Zhan would be put in charge of Jinyang—then perhaps the most militarily secure city in the empire; instead, by the arrangements of Yang and his associates, the two princes were ordered to accompany the young emperor to Yecheng.
Once the imperial train arrived at Yecheng, the situation became even more tense, as an associate of Yang's, Kezhuhun Tianhe, was convinced that Emperor Fei would not be safe in his reign unless his two uncles were killed, and alternatively, Yan Zixian considered putting Grand Empress Dowager Lou, who still wielded much power as the clan matriarch, under house arrest, and forcing her to turn her authorities to Empress Dowager Li. Meanwhile, the ambitious Yang was carrying out a governmental reorganization scheme to trim unnecessary offices and titles and to remove incompetent officials. The officials who were hurt by Yang's actions became disaffected and largely hoped that Gao Yan and Gao Zhan would take action and began to encourage them to do so. Yang considered sending Gao Yan and Gao Zhan outside the capital to be provincial governors, but Emperor Fei initially disagreed. Yang wrote a submission to Empress Dowager Li to ask her to consider, and she consulted her lady in waiting Li Changyi, who leaked the news to Grand Empress Dowager Lou. She informed the two princes, and they set up an ambush, with Gao Guiyan and the generals Heba Ren and Hulü Jin, at a ceremony where Gao Yan was to be named to a ceremonial post. Yang, Kezhuhun, Yan, Zheng, and Song Qindao were all severely battered and captured.
Gao Yan and Gao Zhan subsequently entered the palace and accused Yang and his associates of crimes. They were all executed, although Grand Empress Dowager Lou, who was otherwise supportive of her son Gao Yan's actions, personally attended Yang's wake and made the comment, "Lord Yang was faithful and suffered for his faithfulness."
生平
其父楊津,北魏時累為司空侍中,母為源懷之女源顯明。楊愔小時不愛講話,六歲學史,好《左氏春秋》。一家四代同堂,家丁隆盛,兄弟姐妹就學者三十餘人。永安初年(528年)官至散騎都尉,年十八。高歡曾尋訪楊愔,除太原公開府司馬,轉長史,複授大行台右丞,封華陰縣侯,遷給事黃門侍郎,並將庶女嫁給他。
天保元年(550年)高洋自立時,殺魏孝靜帝,將姐姐(孝靜帝的皇后)太原長公主嫁給楊愔,並累封開封王,十分信任。
高洋雖寵幸楊愔,但上廁所時,總叫楊愔拿篾片在旁守候,還用馬鞭抽打楊愔背脊,流血浹袍。楊愔體胖,高洋給他起外號叫「楊大肚」,一日高洋喝醉,用小刀想剖開楊愔的肚子,幸好崔季舒從旁笑語解紛,楊愔才免去一死。有時還用棺材把楊愔放進去,打算活埋,最後總算作罷。由於楊愔能理國事,政治還算清明,人稱「主昏於上而政清於下」。高洋死前,遺詔尚書楊愔、領軍大將軍高歸彥、侍中燕子獻、黃門侍郎鄭頤等為高殷輔政。高洋死後,癸未,發喪,群臣無下淚者,只有楊愔一人涕泗橫流,嗚咽不已。
楊愔和燕子獻等人商議外調高演和高湛離京(首都鄴城)到外地擔任刺史。皇太后李祖娥把這道密奏給高仲密的前妻李昌儀看,李昌儀再向太皇太后婁昭君告密。乾明元年(560年),二月二十三日,尚書省大宴文武百官。楊愔等將去參加,散騎常侍兼中書侍郎鄭頤勸他不可前往,楊愔說:「我等精忠體國,常山王拜職豈有不到之理!」宴中被抓,令家奴施以暴打,楊愔等人頭破血流,楊愔的一隻眼睛被打出來。婁昭君起初想保住女婿楊愔性命,賀拔仁說楊愔已經被打得眼珠迸出,活不了。婁昭君親自送喪,哭曰:「楊郎忠而獲罪。」並命人製造黃金眼珠放入楊愔眼眶下葬。時年五十。
注釋
參考書目
• 《北齊書》卷三十四卷·列傳第二十六
• 北齊《可朱渾孝裕墓誌》
Text | Count |
---|---|
北史 | 26 |
河南通志 | 2 |
御定淵鑑類函 | 8 |
萬姓統譜 | 2 |
山堂肆考 | 2 |
小字錄 | 2 |
北齊書 | 26 |
資治通鑑 | 17 |
通志 | 2 |
御批歷代通鑑輯覽 | 2 |
天中記 | 6 |
氏族大全 | 2 |
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