Prior to becoming Wang Rongs adoptive son

It is not known when Zhang Wenli was born, but it is known that he was originally from You Prefecture (幽州, in modern Beijing). At some point after Liu Rengong, then the military governor (Jiedushi) of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered at You Prefecture) conquered neighboring Yichang Circuit (義昌, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei) and made his son Liu Shouwen the military governor of Yichang, he sent Zhang to Yichang to serve under Liu Shouwen. On an occasion when Liu Shouwen was at You Prefecture to see his father, Zhang took over Yichang's capital Cang Prefecture (滄州) and refused to let Liu Shouwen return. However, the people of Cang Prefecture then rose against him, causing him to flee to neighboring Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei). Wang Rong, who was then the military governor of Chengde, was impressed by Zhang's speech and Zhang's claims about knowing how to lead an army, so he adopted Zhang as a son and changed his name to Wang Deming, entrusting much of the Chengde military affairs to him.

As Wang Rongs adoptive son

In 910, Wang Rong, who had by that point been given the title of Prince of Zhao by Zhu Wen (who had taken over the throne from Tang) but who had subsequently come after Later Liang surprise attack, entered into an alliance with Later Liang's archenemy Li Cunxu the Prince of Jin; subsequently, in 911, Jin and Zhao forces defeated the Later Liang army and forced it to withdraw, saving Zhao. In gratitude, Wang Rong took 37 corps out of his army and put them under Wang Deming's command, sending him to accompany and assist Li Cunxu in his campaigns.

In 912, when Li Cunxu was set to launch a major attack against Liu Rengong's son and successor Liu Shouguang, who had claimed the title of Emperor of Yan, Wang Deming joined forces with Li Cunxu's major general Zhou Dewei, as well as Cheng Yan (程巖), who commanded an army from Jin's and Zhao's ally Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei), and they subsequently sieged You Prefecture. By the end of the year, however, Wang appeared to be no longer participating in the campaign, for he was recorded as taking 30,000 men to raid Later Liang's northern territory and capturing Zongcheng (宗城, in modern Xingtai, Hebei). However, the Later Liang general Yang Shihou counterattacked and defeated him, killing some 5,000 of his men.

In 913, while Zhou still had Liu Shouguang under siege at You, the new Later Liang emperor Zhu Zhen (Emperor Taizu's son) sent Yang and Liu Shouguang's brother Liu Shouqi (劉守奇, who had submitted to Later Liang) north to attack Zhao, apparently to divert Zhao's and Jin's attention from Liu Shouguang. When Wang Rong sought aid from Zhou, Zhou sent his officer Li Shaoheng (李紹衡) to join Wang Deming in resisting the Later Liang army. Subsequently, the Later Liang army left Chengde and headed for Yichang.

By 920, Wang Rong had recalled Wang Deming back to Chengde to command his guard corps, while sending another officer, Fu Xi (符習), to replace him as the commander of the Zhao forces accompanying Li Cunxu. That year, Wang Rong, who had become accustomed to luxurious living, alienated his army by spending too much time at his vacation home in the mountains west of Zhao's capital Zhen Prefecture (鎮州). The soldiers mutinied and killed Wang Rong's favorite eunuch Shi Ximeng (石希蒙), and in response, Wang Rong killed the eunuch Li Honggui (李弘規) and the officer Li Ai (李藹), whom he blamed for inciting the mutiny, and slaughtered Li Honggui's and Li Ai's families. He transferred Li Honggui's and Li Ai's authorities to his son Wang Zhaozuo and Wang Deming. Wang Rong continued to pursue those whom he considered to be Li Honggui's and Li Ai's associates, and many were killed. Wang Deming, who by this point had formed the ambition to overthrow his adoptive father, falsely informed the guards that Wang Rong was intending to slaughter them all, causing a general panic in the guard corps. In spring 921, the guards mutinied and killed Wang Rong. They offered the leadership of the circuit to Wang Deming. Wang Deming accepted, and changed his name back to Zhang Wenli. He then slaughtered Wang Rong's clan, sparing only Wang Zhaozuo's wife (who was a sister of Zhu Zhen's and who carried the Later Liang title of Princess Puning), hoping that this would open the possibility of Later Liang assistance.

Rule of Chengde Circuit

Zhang Wenli sent a report of what occurred to Li Cunxu, requesting to be commissioned as a military governor, while at the same time offering to support him as emperor. (Li Cunxu had, up to that point, only carried the title of Prince of Jin as he theoretically still considered himself a Tang subject.) Li Cunxu's initial instinct was to attack Zhang for his killing of the Wang clan, but Li Cunxu's staff members thought that as Jin was locked in a struggle with Later Liang at that point, it should not create another enemy. Li Cunxu thus commissioned Zhang as the acting military governor.

However, Zhang was fearful that the Jin prince would eventually attack him. He thus repeatedly sent secret messengers to both Zhu Zhen and the Khitan Emperor Taizu. (Zhu Zhen, despite the urging of his chancellor Jing Xiang, took no action, believing that Zhang was not truly a trustworthy subject.) Many of these secret messengers were, however, intercepted by Jin forces. Li Cunxu released the secret messengers back to Zhang, further increasing Zhang's fear about what Li Cunxu might do next. He was also fearful that the senior officers of Zhao might rebel against him, and often found excuses to kill them. He tried to appease Fu Xi by promoting Fu Xi's son Fu Zimeng (符子蒙), while recalling Fu Xi back to Chengde. Fu, instead, met with Li Cunxu, urging Li Cunxu to avenge Wang Rong.

In fall 921, Li Cunxu commissioned Fu as the acting military governor of Chengde and launched a general campaign against Zhang. He sent his generals Yan Bao (閻寶) and Shi Jiantang (史建瑭) to assist Fu. Together, the Jin troops and Fu's Zhao troops attacked Chengde's Zhao Prefecture (趙州, in modern Shijiazhuang). Zhao Prefecture's prefect Wang Ting (王鋌) surrendered quickly. Upon hearing the fall of Zhao Prefecture, Zhang, who was then suffering from an abdominal illness, died in shock. His son Zhang Chujin took over command of the Chengde forces, but was eventually defeated and killed by Li Cunxu in 922. Li Cunxu took over the former Zhao territory. He had Zhang Wenli's body cut in pieces in public.

Notes and references

• New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 39.

• Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 267, 268, 269, 271.

簡介

起初張文禮是劉仁恭的牙將，跟隨劉仁恭長子義昌軍節度使劉守文鎮守滄州，劉守文回幽州看望父親時，張文禮占據滄州叛亂，兵敗，逃到了鎮州（今河北正定），投靠趙王王鎔。

王鎔甚遇之，收為義子，改名王德明，多次委以重任，派王德明協助晉王李存勗討伐後梁。王鎔晚年好佛求仙，信用方士，追求長生不老，信任宦官石希蒙。行軍司馬李藹、牙將李弘規殺死了石希蒙，王鎔又讓長子副大使王昭祚和王德明殺死了李藹、李弘規。但是王鎔失去了軍心。

921年，王德明發動兵變，殺死了王鎔全家，只留下了王昭祚的妻子後梁的普寧公主。事後，王德明恢復原名，改稱張文禮，自立為留後。

張文禮既稱臣于晉王李存勗，又私通後梁，還勾結契丹耶律阿保機。李存勗以「為王鎔報仇」為理由，以符習為成德留後，討伐鎮州。八月十一，晉軍攻下了趙州，張文禮大驚，腹疽發作而死，子張處瑾即位。第二年鎮州城破後，張文禮的尸體在市上被車裂。