Zhang Han (died 205 BC) was a military general of the Qin dynasty. When uprisings erupted throughout China during the reign of
Qin Er Shi, Zhang Han led the Qin armies and successfully quelled several of these rebel forces. In 207 BC, Zhang Han was defeated by
Xiang Yu of
Chu at the Battle of Julu, after which he surrendered along with his 200,000 troops. He was conferred the title "King of Yong" (雍王) by Xiang Yu and given part of the lands in Guanzhong as his fief when Xiang split the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms after the fall of the Qin dynasty. Zhang Han's territory was conquered by
Liu Bang in 206 BC, and he committed suicide a year later.
Read more...: Life
Life
In 209 BC, the rebel army led by Chen Sheng's deputy, Zhou Wen (周文), was the first to reach the Qin capital Xianyang. Qin Er Shi was shocked and discussed with his subjects how to counter the rebels. Zhang Han suggested to the emperor to grant amnesty to some of the convicts serving as labourers at Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum, and organise them into an army to deal with the rebels. The emperor approved Zhang Han's proposal and put him in charge of the army to quell the rebel forces. Zhang Han emerged victorious against Zhou Wen, defeating and driving Zhou out of Guanzhong. The emperor then commissioned Sima Xin and Dong Yi to serve as Zhang Han's deputies.
Zhang Han's army continued to advance eastward and destroyed the rebel army of Chen Sheng. Zhang Han then led his men to attack the Wei rebels, emerging victorious against Wei and enemy reinforcements from Qi. Zhang Han's armies moved on to attack Tian Rong (田榮) of Qi, while Xiang Liang of Chu came to help Qi and defeated Zhang. Zhang Han scored another victory at the Battle of Dingtao against the Chu forces, killing Xiang Liang in battle.
In 207 BC, when Zhang Han attacked and besieged the Zhao forces at Julu, the Zhao ruler Zhao Xie (趙歇) sought help from King Huai II of Chu. King Huai II sent Xiang Yu to lift the siege and Xiang's army defeated Zhang Han's forces at the Battle of Julu despite being heavily outnumbered. Zhang Han sent Sima Xin to request for reinforcements from Xianyang but Zhao Gao deceived Qin Er Shi and the emperor refused to send aid. Sima Xin escaped from Zhao Gao's assassins on his return journey and reported to Zhang Han that the state power of Qin had fallen into the hands of Zhao. Zhang Han pondered over the situation and realised that he would not survive even if he attained victory over Xiang Yu, as Zhao Gao would have him killed on false charges of treason. Hence, Zhang Han and his 200,000 troops then surrendered to Xiang Yu and Zhang was conferred the title of "King of Yong" (雍王) by Xiang.
After the fall of the Qin Dynasty in 206 BC, Xiang Yu divided the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms, while Zhang Han and his two deputies were granted the region of Guanzhong as their fiefs. The three kingdoms were known as the Three Qins because they occupied the lands of the former Qin state. Later that year, the forces of Liu Bang (King of Han) invaded Guanzhong and captured Zhang Han's territory in a surprise attack. Zhang Han retreated to Feiqiu (廢丘; present-day Xingping, Shaanxi) and remained there. A year later, in 205 BC, the Han army flooded Feiqiu and Zhang Han committed suicide after his defeat.
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original article.
章邯（？ - 前205年），秦末名將。在
陳勝、吳廣發動大澤之變之後，章邯率秦軍擊滅周章、田儋、魏咎、鄧說、伍徐、田臧、李歸、
蔡賜、
陳勝、
項梁（項羽的叔父）等。在前207年的鉅鹿之戰中，蘇角、
王離被楚將
項羽諸侯聯軍擊敗後，章邯率秦軍向項羽投降。秦國滅亡之後，項羽自立為
西楚霸王，把關中封給章邯及其部將司馬欣、董翳（史稱三秦），章邯為雍王，定都廢丘。楚漢相爭時，漢王
劉邦在關中展開三秦戰役，章邯被漢軍水淹廢丘擊敗，被俘後不屈，自刎而死。
Read more...: 生平 東破民變 降楚 兵敗身亡 後人 文藝作品 動畫 注釋
生平
東破民變
秦二世二年（前208年）冬，最先反秦的陳勝軍聲勢浩大，陳勝部將周章等人率領大軍（《史記三家註》說數十萬人，《漢書》說是十萬）逼近首都咸陽，秦二世大驚，與群臣商議。當時位列九卿中之少府的章邯，建議秦二世赦免驪山刑徒，編成軍隊以對抗陳勝軍。於是，二世任命章邯為將軍，率領這支新軍迎戰強敵。章邯旗開得勝，周章兵敗退出關中，不久再被章邯擊敗，周章兵敗自裁。秦二世又派遣長史司馬欣、都尉董翳輔佐章邯作戰。
章邯向東進軍，陸續擊破各起義軍，秦二世二年十二月，陳勝在城父（約今日安徽亳州）敗死。章邯攻魏，魏王魏咎在臨濟被圍，章邯擊敗來援的齊軍，齊王田儋被殺，魏咎不支，向章邯請降，以自身換得秦兵不屠城後自焚。章邯進攻齊將田榮，楚將項梁帶兵援救田榮，擊退了章邯。後來因項梁輕敵及秦二世增兵支援章邯，秦二世二年九月，章邯在定陶大破楚軍，項梁戰死，是為定陶之役。三年十月，章邯率軍攻破邯鄲。
降楚
秦二世三年（前207年）章邯率兵渡過黃河（一說漳河）攻趙，把趙王趙歇圍困於鉅鹿。楚將項羽與諸侯聯軍率兵救趙，在鉅鹿之戰中大敗秦軍王離。四月，章邯派司馬欣向咸陽請求援兵，但趙高不允，並派人追殺司馬欣。五月，司馬欣回到軍營後告訴章邯朝廷已被趙高控制，「將軍有功亦誅，無功亦誅。」六月，項羽楚軍大敗秦軍於三戶津和汙水。七月，章邯擔心趙高迫害，遂與司馬欣、董翳率秦軍約20萬眾於殷墟向項羽投降，和諸侯聯軍達成協議，協議是章邯為雍王，統治關中之地。
前207年十二月，項羽分封十八諸侯。其中封章邯為「雍王」，轄咸陽以西，以廢丘為都；封司馬欣為「塞王」，轄東秦；封董翳為「翟王」，轄北秦。三分關中之地，史稱「三秦」。
兵敗身亡
前206年八月，劉邦採用韓信「暗渡陳倉」之計繞道襲擊章邯，章邯不敵，退守廢丘。前205年，司馬欣、董翳降漢；元月漢軍俘虜章邯之弟章平；六月劉邦讓漢軍引河水淹廢丘，章邯被劉邦部將朱軫俘虜後自殺。
後人
因雍國被漢所滅，後人遷居仇山，並改姓章仇，在北魏時族人才回到中原。唐朝劍南節度使章仇兼瓊為其後人。
文藝作品
• 《楚河漢界》-劉國誠
• 《漢劉邦》-崔岱
• 《楚漢驕雄》-蔡國慶
• 《楚漢風雲》-賈石頭
• 《玫瑰江湖》(戰神)-李耀敬
• 《王的女人》-錢小豪
• 《楚漢傳奇》-曹衛宇
動畫
• 《秦時明月》-章邯（配音：劉北辰）
注釋
The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the
original article.
