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斛律光[View] [Edit] [History]ctext:638595
Relation | Target | Textual basis |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 斛律光 | |
born | 515 | |
died | 572 | |
authority-cbdb | 135271 | |
authority-wikidata | Q3275318 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 斛律光 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Hulü_Guang |
Read more...: Early life and career During Emperor Wenxuans reign During Emperors Feis and Xiaozhaos reigns During Emperor Wuchengs reign During Gao Weis reign Death Notes and references
Early life and career
Hulü Guang was born in 515. His father Hulü Jin (斛律金) was a Chile chieftain, subordinate to Northern Wei. Hulü Jin assisted the general Gao Huan in his campaigns to take control of the Northern Wei state, and after Gao Huan became Northern Wei's paramount general in 532, Hulü Jin became an honored general, viewed by Gao Huan in some ways more as an equal than as a subordinate, and this relationship continued after Northern Wei's division into Eastern Wei (under Gao's control) and Western Wei (under Yuwen Tai's control) in 534. Hulü Guang was probably Hulü Jin's oldest son, and in his youth, he was known for his fighting prowess, including horseriding and archery. Once, when accompanying Hulü Jin on a campaign against Western Wei, Hulü Guang hit Yuwen's secretary Mozhe Hui (莫者暉) with an arrow, leading to Mozhe's capture by Eastern Wei troops. Gao Huan was pleased and made him a general. After Gao Huan named his son Gao Cheng as his heir, Hulü Guang served on Gao Cheng's staff. In 547, Hulü Guang was created the Viscount of Yongle.
Also in 547, Gao Huan died and was succeeded as regent by Gao Cheng. Gao Cheng immediately faced a major rebellion by the general Hou Jing, and Hulü was sent to serve under Murong Shaozong (慕容紹宗), the commander of the forces Gao Cheng sent against Hou. In a rare case where Hulü might have exhibited some uncharacteristic overexuberance, when Murong and his lieutenant Liu Fengsheng (劉豐生) were initially defeated by Hou, Hulü and his fellow junior general Zhang Shixian (張恃顯) rebuked Murong and Liu for their defeat. Murong responded, "I have met many opponents, but none is as difficult as Hou. Why do you not try to engage him and see." As Hulü and Zhang rode out to engage Hou, however, Murong warned them, "Do not cross the Guo River (渦水)." (Murong's troops and Hou's troops were by this point stalemated across the Guo River.) When Hulü challenged Hou by showing his bow and arrows but did not cross the Guo, Hou told him, "You came for glory, but I am trying to leave in fear of death. I am your father's friend. Why shoot at me? And how do you know not to cross the Guo? It must be Murong Shaozong who taught you." Hulü was unable to respond, and Hou subsequently had his subordinate Tian Qian (田遷) shoot and kill Hulü's horse, and Hulü was forced to withdraw. Hou then captured Zhang but released him, and both Hulü and Zhang fled back to Murong's camp. Murong then stated, "What have you seen now? Do not rebuke me." (In spring 548, Murong defeated Hou, who was forced to flee to Liang Dynasty. Historical records do not indicate whether Hulü contributed to the victory.)
During Emperor Wenxuans reign
After Gao Cheng died in 549, his brother Gao Yang took over as regent, and in 550, he had Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei yield the throne to him, ending Eastern Wei and establishing Northern Qi as its Emperor Wenxuan. Hulü Guang continued to serve as a general, and was created the Viscount of Xi'an. In 552, when Emperor Wenxuan made an attack against the Kumo Xi tribe (in the upper Liao River drainage area), Hulü accompanied him and contributed in the victory. Over the next few years, he served as a provincial governor on the borders with Northern Zhou, and was largely successful in border skirmishes, capturing a number of minor cities from Northern Zhou.
During Emperors Feis and Xiaozhaos reigns
In 560, after Emperor Wenxuan died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Fei, Hulü was made the governor of the important Bing Province (并州, modern central Shanxi).
Also in 560, Emperor Fei's uncle Gao Yan the Prince of Changshan, with support from, among others, Hulü Jin, killed the prime minister Yang Yin and took power. Later that year, Gao Yan's mother and Emperor Fei's grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Lou Zhaojun deposed Emperor Fei and made Gao Yan emperor (as Emperor Xiaozhao). Hulü Guang was created the Duke of Julu, and later that year, when Emperor Xiaozhao created his son Gao Bainian crown prince, Emperor Xiaozhao, on account of Hulü Guang's achievements and loyalty, took Hulü Guang's first daughter as Gao Bainian's wife and crown princess. When Emperor Xiaozhao was near death in 561, however, believing that Gao Bainian was too young, he instead passed the throne to his brother Gao Zhan the Prince of Changguang, who took the throne as Emperor Wucheng. Hulü continued to serve under Emperor Wucheng.
During Emperor Wuchengs reign
In 564, Emperor Wucheng killed Gao Bainian, and subsequently, Hulü's daughter and Gao Bainian's wife Princess Hulü, in distress, refused to eat, and she died a month thereafter. It was said that she died while holding tight to a jade tablet that Gao Bainian gave her, and that no one could pry it loose even after her death, until Hulü Guang was finally able to pry it from her hand.
In spring 564, Northern Zhou, in alliance with Tujue, launched a major attack on Northern Qi, attacking the secondary capital Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) from the north and Pingyang (平陽, in modern Linfen, Shanxi) from the south. Hulü was sent to resist the southern prong, commanded by the Northern Zhou general Daxi Wu (達奚武), and was successful in his resistance. Subsequently, when Duan Shao (段韶) defeated the northern prong, Hulü informed Daxi of this and induced Daxi to retreat. When Hulü subsequently rendezvoused with Emperor Wucheng at Jinyang, Emperor Wucheng, in sadness and relief, hugged Hulü's head and cried. In winter 564, Daxi again attacked, this time against the important city of Luoyang. Emperor Wucheng sent Duan, Hulü, and his nephew Gao Changgong (高長恭) the Prince of Lanling to relieve Luoyang, and they defeated Northern Zhou troops, killing Daxi's lieutenant Wang Xiong (王雄), forcing Daxi to retreat. For this victory, Emperor Wucheng created Hulü with an additional title of Duke of Guanjun.
Sometime during Emperor Wucheng's reign, Emperor Wucheng had taken Hulü's second daughter as the wife and crown princess of his son, the Crown Prince Gao Wei. In 565, at the urging of the officials He Shikai and Zu Ting, Emperor Wucheng passed the throne to Gao Wei and created Crown Princess Hulü empress. (Emperor Wucheng took the title of Taishang Huang (retired emperor) and retained most of imperial powers.)
During Gao Weis reign
In summer 567, Hulü Guang's father Hulü Jin died. Hulü Guang resigned his posts to observe the customary three-year mourning period for his father, but was soon recalled to his posts by Emperor Wucheng. He inherited his father's title of Prince of Xianyang and continued to serve as chieftain of the Shule, and was also created an additional title of Duke of Wude. Around the new year 569, Emperor Wucheng died, and thereafter power was largely in the hands of his favorite (and Empress Dowager Hu's lover) He Shikai.
Around the new year 570, the Northern Zhou general Yuwen Xian put the Northern Qi city Yiyang (宜陽, in modern Luoyang, Henan) under siege, and in spring 570, Hulü was sent to resist, and he defeated Yuwen Xian. However, the stalemate near Yiyang persisted. Hulü decided to take the war to Northern Zhou elsewhere, and in winter 570, he moved north and built forts north of the Fen River (汾水, flowing through modern Linfen), taking the previously unguarded border territory into Northern Qi control. While his subsequent battles in the region against the Northern Zhou generals Yuwen Xian and Wei Xiaokuan were largely indecisive, the region continued to be held by Northern Qi. In summer 571, he moved south again and defeated the Northern Zhou forces sieging Yiyang. As he subsequently returned to the capital Yecheng, however, he received an order to demobilize his troops. As many soldiers had not received their rewards yet, he submitted a secret petition to Gao Wei, requesting the emperor to send imperial messengers to the army to honor the soldiers. Gao Wei did not act immediately, however, and the army approached Yecheng without receiving any words from the emperor. Gao Wei was displeased that Hulü Guang brought the army close to the capital, and he summoned Hulü to the palace before sending messengers to honor the soldiers and demobilizing them. Nevertheless, honoring Hulü for his victory, he created Hulü yet an additional title of Duke of Qinghe.
Later in 571, Gao Wei's brother Gao Yan (note different character than Emperor Xiaozhao) the Prince of Langye, angry at the hold that He Shikai had on power, killed him, and further mobilized his troops to consider seizing power and killing Gao Wei's wet nurse Lu Lingxuan and her son Mu Tipo, who had also become powerful. Hulü, while he approved of Gao Yan's killing of He Shikai, was still loyal to the emperor, and he intervened on the emperor's side, ordering Gao Yan's troops to disband, and they collapsed. Hulü seized Gao Yan and took him to the palace. At Hulü's urging, Gao Wei spared Gao Yan initially, although in winter 571 he nevertheless executed Gao Yan.
By this point, Hulü's position had reached the pinnacle of an imperial official's career. The historian Li Yanshou (李延寿), in his History of Northern Dynasties, described him in this way:
:Hulü was stern at home, and he treated his sons and younger brothers as subordinates. Although he was greatly honored, he was frugal in his living, disliking music and beautiful women. He rarely met guests, and he refused gifts, not wanting power. At governmental meetings, he was often the last one to speak, but always spoke logically. When he was making submissions to the emperor, he would dictate them and have his assistants record them, requesting them to make the submissions concise and simple. His military strategies were in Xiongnu fashion, and at the end of the day, until the camps had been completed, he would not himself first rest. Sometimes he would not sit or strip armor off himself for an entire day. He braved the fighting on the fronts. When the soldiers commit offenses, he pounded them with his thick staff, but would not frivolously kill them. Therefore, the soldiers were willing to fight hard for him. Since his early youth, he did not lose a battle, and the rival states were all fearful of him.
Death
However, by 572, Hulü was in serious conflict with the powerful officials Zu and Mu. He disliked Zu, and he often complained to his generals that Zu rarely consulted military generals. Once, when he was resting at a governmental building, Zu, who was blind, rode past him without realizing that Hulü was there, and never got off the horse as demanded by customs of the time. Hulü angrily stated, "Who does he think he is?" Zu, realizing that Hulü disliked him, bribed Hulü's servant and asked the servant about Hulü's opinion of him. The servant stated, "Ever since you came into power, the Minister Prince each night sighed and stated, 'With a blind man in power, the empire will surely be destroyed.'" Meanwhile, Mu had once requested to marry Hulü's daughter by a concubine, but Hulü refused. Further, when Mu requested that Gao Wei grant him the public fields at Jinyang, Hulü publicly opposed the action as being detrimental to the grazing of the army's horses. Zu and Mu therefore both despited Hulü. They therefore fostered suspicion of Hulü in the emperor's mind, and that suspicion was exacerbated by the fact that Empress Hulü was not favored by Gao Wei.
At the same time, the Northern Zhou general Wei Xiaokuan, wanting to try to exploit Gao Wei's suspicions, decided to try to create a sense that Hulü would rebel. He wrote two songs in couplets, one of which read:
:A hundred sheng a measurement unit -- and 100 sheng made up one hu (斛)) will fly up to the heavens,
:A bright moon mingyue, Hulü's courtesy name) will shine over Chang'an Zhou's capital.
The other read:
:The high gao) mountain will collapse on its own,
:The daimyo oak hu) will stand straight on its own.
He sent spies to spread the songs near Yecheng, and the songs soon became popular. Zu, exploiting the situation himself, added two more lines:
:The blind man will bear a great axe,
:The talkative woman will be unable to speak.
Both Zu and Lady Lu then reported the song to Gao Wei to further foster his suspicion of Hulü. Gao Wei consulted another favorite, Han Zhangluan, who believed that he should not suspect Hulü, so Gao Wei initially took no action. Zu, however, would not relent, and he had Hulü's subordinate Feng Shirang (封士讓) make a secret submission indicating that when Hulü had brought the army close to Yecheng in 571, he was plotting a coup. Gao Wei believed it this time, and under Zu's suggestion, he awarded Hulü a horse, and then, as Hulü arrived at the palace to thank the emperor, he had his guard commander Liu Taozhi (劉桃枝) seize Hulü and strangle him to death.
Hulü's clan was nearly all slaughtered—including his brother and fellow general Hulü Xian (斛律羨) and his sons Hulü Wudu (斛律武都), Hulü Shixiong (斛律世雄), and Hulü Hengqie (斛律恆伽). Only his grandson Hulü Zhong (斛律鍾), who was only a few years old, was spared. Empress Hulü was deposed and confined to a subsidiary palace.
Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou was so pleased at the news of Hulü's death that he declared a general pardon. In 578, after he had destroyed Northern Qi and entered Yecheng, he commented, with regard to Hulü, "If he were still alive, how can I get here?"(此人若在,朕豈能至鄴!) He posthumously created Hulü the Duke of Chong and had Hulü Zhong inherit the title.
Notes and references
• Book of Northern Qi, vol. 17.https://web.archive.org/web/20060218235634/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/nch2.htm
• History of Northern Dynasties, vol. 54.https://web.archive.org/web/20060218233006/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/bs07.htm
• Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 160, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171.
Read more...: 生平 身後 家族 注釋
生平
斛律光年少善騎射,以武藝知名,17歲時為高歡欣賞,任其為世子高澄的親信都督,當時傳號為「落雕都督」。天保三年(552年),斛律光從征出塞,先驅破敵,多有斬獲,班師後被任命為晉州刺史。其後屢次攻滅四周的遊牧部落,屢立戰功,遷為朔州刺史。天保十年(559年),賞特進、開府儀同三司。皇建元年(公元560年),進爵巨鹿郡公。大寧三年(562年)正月,北周遣將達奚成興等進攻平陽,斛律光率步騎三萬擊敗之,追入周境,獲二千餘口,升為司徒;四月,率騎北討突厥,獲戰馬千餘匹。同年,北周武帝遣尉遲迥、宇文憲等,號稱十萬大軍進攻洛陽,斛律光率五萬騎兵前往會戰大破之,斬獲三千首級,以死者堆積為京觀,升太尉,又封冠軍縣公。
武平二年(571年),北周柱國普屯威、韋孝寬等率步騎萬餘進犯,與斛律光在汾水之北交戰。斛律光大破之,俘虜千餘,又封中山郡公。回師後,又率領五萬大軍出平陽道,攻姚襄、白亭城戍,皆克之,又別封長樂郡公。其後他又曾多次擊敗北周進犯。在有一次的大戰後,他認為軍人多有功勳,卻沒有得到慰勞,不肯就此遣散軍隊,反而率軍進逼北齊後主高緯駐地,上表請賞。後主高緯被迫答應,拜他為左丞相,又別封他為清河郡公。
斛律光入朝之後,經常在朝堂垂簾而坐。尚書右僕射祖珽不知,騎馬經過,引得斛律光大怒,對人說:「這人怎麼敢這樣!」後祖珽在內省言談高傲,斛律光恰好經過,聽見祖珽的聲音後,又大怒。斛律光甚惡祖珽,曾遙見竊罵:「多事乞索小人,欲作何計數!」祖珽知道得罪了他,于是賄賂他的僕人問道:「相王真的怨恨我嗎?」僕人回答說:「自從你上任後,相王每夜抱膝歎曰:『盲人入,國必破矣!』」高緯乳母之子穆提婆求娶斛律光庶女,被拒絕。高緯賜提婆晉陽之田,斛律光在朝上當眾拒絕。于是祖、穆二人對他積怨更加深。
北周大將韋孝寬忌斛律光英勇,在北齊散布謠言;「百升飛上天,明月照長安」,還說「高山不推自崩,槲樹不扶自豎」。祖珽以為是扳倒斛律光的好機會,于是又續寫說:「盲眼老公背上下大斧,繞舌老母不得語。」讓小童在路上歌唱。穆提婆不久也聽說,與母商議後,對後主高緯進讒:「斛律氏幾世都是大將,名聲震動關西,威名影響突厥,女兒為皇后,兒子尚公主,謠言很可畏啊。」高緯本來不信,但心存猜疑,後來又被祖珽所進讒所打動,于是將斛律光招入殿中,密謀暗殺。武平三年七月戊辰(572年8月22日)斛律光到後,被引入涼風堂,由劉桃枝從背後拉住刺殺,時年五十八歲。後主高緯于是下詔稱他謀反,今已伏法,盡滅其族。
身後
北周武帝得知斛律光身死,甚至下召大赦境內慶賀。577年滅北齊後下詔追封斛律光為上柱國、崇國公,並指著詔令對眾人說:「此人若在,朕豈能至鄴!」
家族
• 弟斛律羨,字豐樂,賜死。
• 長子斛律武都,歷任特進、太子太保、開府儀同三司、西兗梁東兗三州刺史。斛律光死後遭處斬。
• 次子斛律須達,任中護軍、開府儀同三司,早死。
• 三子斛律世雄,開府儀同三司,被賜死。
• 四子斛律恆伽,假儀同三司,被賜死。
• 長女為高百年妃
• 次女為北齊後主高緯皇后(斛律皇后)
• 孫斛律鐘,斛律武都之子,《北齊書》、《北史》誤記為斛律光幼子,因年少免死,北周封為崇國公,隋朝開皇年間做到驃騎將軍後去世。
注釋
Text | Count |
---|---|
北史 | 18 |
周書 | 3 |
御定淵鑑類函 | 2 |
大清一統志 | 2 |
北齊書 | 4 |
資治通鑑 | 31 |
史傳三編 | 2 |
御批歷代通鑑輯覽 | 2 |
天中記 | 2 |
冊府元龜 | 6 |
通典 | 3 |
山西通志 | 4 |
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