Biography

Sun was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province in 1867, the eldest son of Sun Yijing, assistant Imperial tutor to the Xianfeng Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. He received a classical Chinese education and was awarded the title of second grade yinsheng. He then married a relative of Yikuang, the future Prince Qing. In 1886, Sun became a junior secretary of the Board of Punishments, a post he held until 1895. He was listed for assignment to a foreign post in 1898, but his appointment was delayed because of the Boxer Rebellion. In 1902, he briefly served as secretary of legation in Vienna, Berlin, and Paris, was then appointed Minister to France. Sun returned to China in 1906 and became chief secretary of the Grand Council, which was tasked with reorganizing the country's administrative system. In 1907, he became Minister to Germany. In January 1909, Sun was appointed assistant director of the Tianjin-Pukou railroad, and in June of that year he was appointed governor of Shandong Province. Sun was a supporter of constitutional government for China. In 1910, he urged the imperial authorities that a cabinet system be established, and in 1911 he recognized the independence of Shandong from Manchu rule. However, after Yuan Shikai secured power, Sun was forced to retract this declaration and resign.

After the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, Sun briefly entered a private business enterprise with Prince Qing, but was quickly drawn back into government as co-director general and later acting director general of the Customs Administration. On September 11, 1913, he was appointed to Premier Xiong Xiling's cabinet, and negotiated an agreement with Russia by which Russia recognized China's suzerainty over Outer Mongolia and China recognized Outer Mongolia's autonomy. When Xiong resigned in mid-February 1914, Sun became acting Premier until Xu Shichang assumed office in May. Sun served as minister of foreign affairs until January 1915, until he resigned in protest of Japan's Twenty-One Demands.

From this point on, Sun occupied primarily economic posts, as opposed to his previous foreign policy work. In January 1916, Sun became director of the bureau of audit, and in April minister of finance. In 1917 he was appointed director general of the Customs Administration and in 1920 became director of the economic administration bureau. He then became chairman and later director general of the famine relief bureau, as well as vice-chairman of the Yangtze River commission. In January 1924, Sun briefly became premier a second time, but resigned in July after friction with finance minister Wang Komin. After stepping down, Sun became chairman of the foreign affairs committee and refused several other postings before becoming president of the Hanyeping iron and steel complex and the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company. In 1926, he was appointed general director of Sino-French University, and in 1928 he retired to Dairen when the Northern Expedition reached Peking in 1928. In 1929, Sun traveled to Hong Kong for treatment for a chronic intestinal disorder, and traveled to Shanghai and Hangzhou in 1930. His illness worsened soon after and he died on February 3, 1931.

生平

清末大臣孫詒經之子。成廕生。曾任直隸道員。1900年八國聯軍進京，隨光緒帝至西安。1901年（光緒二十七年）起，歷任駐德國、日斯巴尼亞（今稱西班牙）、葡萄牙、法國等國使館隨員。1902年7月，升任出使法國大臣。1905年（光緒31年）歸國，署順天府尹。1907年4月，出任出使德國大臣，籌措討還青島事宜。1908年（光緒三十四年）回國，充幫辦津浦鐵路大臣。1911年（宣統三年），轉任山東巡撫。任內阻止德國取得山東礦權。同年，辛亥革命爆發，孫寶琦宣布山東獨立，隨後又取消獨立。

1913年（民國二年）9月，孫寶琦任北京政府熊希齡內閣外交總長。1914年2月12日，兼代國務總理。1914年5月1日辭去國務總理，專任外交總長（外交次長為曹汝霖）。同年7月第一次世界大戰爆發，孫寶琦支持袁世凱的中立政策。1915年1月，因日本提出二十一條，辭去外交總長（陸征祥接任），改任審計院院長。1916年（民國5年）4月，任段祺瑞內閣財政總長。同年6月兼漢冶萍公司董事長。1919年任招商局董事會會長。1920年（民國9年）春，任經濟調查局總裁（稅務督辦）。1922年（民國十一年）1月，任揚子江水道討論委員會會長；同年4月任外交部太平洋會議善後委員會副會長。

經大總統曹錕提名，國會通過，1924年（民國十三年）1月12日，孫寶琦被任命為國務總理，1月15日孫寶琦內閣就職。1924年，孫寶琦還兼任外交委員會委員長。任內，孫寶琦提出「奉行憲法」、「和平統一」的施政方針，同蘇聯建立了外交關係，向德國索賠成功。同年7月2日，因與曹錕的嫡系、財政總長王克敏不和，提出辭職。由外交總長顧維鈞代理國務總理。

1925年（民國十四年）2月，孫寶琦被段祺瑞任命為淞滬商埠督辦。同年8月，被任命為駐蘇聯大使，但未就任。1926年（民國15年），任中法大學董事長。

1931年（民國二十年）2月3日，孫寶琦在上海逝世，享年65歲。

孫寶琦的故居位于北京市東城區東四六條。

圖集

File:Sun Baoqi4.jpg|孫寶琦

File:Sun Baoqi5.jpg|孫寶琦在法國

File:Sun Baoqi14.jpg|孫寶琦

家庭

孫寶琦有一妻四妾，子女24人（8個兒子，16個女兒）：

• 長女：孫用慧，嫁盛恩頤（盛宣懷的第四子）

• 次女：孫用智，嫁載倫（慶親王奕劻的第五子）

• 三女：嫁大學士王文韶之孫王晉孫

• 四女：孫用履，嫁宗室大臣寶熙之子志震

• 五女：嫁袁克齊（袁世凱的第七子）

• 六女：

• 七女：孫用藩，嫁張廷重（張佩綸之子，李鴻章的外孫)，成為張愛玲的繼母

• 八女：嫁天津國華銀行經理崔氏

• 九女：

• 十女：

• 十一女：

• 十二女：

• 十三女：

• 十四女：

• 十五女：

• 十六女：

• 長子：孫用時（景陽）

• 次子：孫用震

• 三子：孫雷生，娶馮家賢（馮國璋之女）

• 四子：孫用岱（蔚青），娶盛范頤（盛宣懷的親侄女）

• 五子：

• 六子：

• 七子：

• 八子：

• 侄子：姓名未詳，娶袁籙禎（袁世凱的第六女）

逸事

1904年冬，孫中山攜朱和中赴德國柏林，訪問中國留德學生。在賓步程的帶動下，王發科、王相楚等留學生加入了興中會。在柏林逗留數日後，孫中山與朱和中赴法國巴黎，留法學生唐豸、胡瑛、湯薌銘、向國華等十多人應邀入興中會。孫中山在巴黎住在利倭尼街的瓦克拉旅館。一天，湯薌銘、向國華、王發科、王相楚四人結伴來找孫中山去附近的咖啡館喝咖啡，王發科、王相楚二人中途離席，到瓦克拉旅館盜走了孫中山的行篋中的黨人名單及入盟書、法國殖民大臣致安南總督的信函。此為王發科、王相楚、湯薌銘、向國華四人合夥設計。得手後，四人到清國駐法國公使館告密，公使孫寶琦訓斥四人稱：「你們加入革命黨，是叛清朝；今來自首，又叛革命黨。且陷害同學，人格何在！」孫寶琦收閱了四人盜取的文件後稱，「今後你們要好好念書，安分守己，不要胡鬧。」留法學生夏堅仲是孫寶琦的親戚，得知消息後趕到使館向孫寶琦疏通。孫寶琦乃將入盟者的宣誓書燒掉，將其餘文件交給夏堅仲，夏堅仲通過郵局將文件寄還孫中山。但是，孫寶琦從法國殖民大臣致安南總督的信函中得知孫中山的安南起義計劃後，即赴法國外交部交涉，導致孫中山的起義計劃未能實現。