Sima Lang (171–217), courtesy name
Boda, was a government official who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was the eldest among the eight sons of
Sima Fang, who served as the Intendant of the Capital (京兆尹) during the reign of
Emperor Ling, He was described as a big and tall man (approximately 1.91 metres). In his early years, he took the tests required to serve as an official in the Han government and briefly held the position of a civil service cadet. In 189, when the warlord
Dong Zhuo seized control of the Han central government, Sima Lang managed to escape with his family and return to his hometown.
Later in 202, Sima Lang reentered government service and served in the central government, then under the control of the warlord Cao Cao. In his early career, Cao Cao served as a district security chief in the imperial capital Luoyang after Sima Lang's father Sima Fang, then the Intendant of the Capital, recommended him for the job. Now that Cao Cao had become the de facto head of the central government, he wanted to repay Sima Fang's favour by treating Sima Lang well. Over the subsequent years, he appointed Sima Lang to various positions as either a county prefect or county chief. When he held office, Sima Lang adopted policies which benefited the common people, and thus earned their respect in return.
In 208, after he assumed office as Imperial Chancellor, Cao Cao recruited Sima Lang to be his Registrar (主簿). Some time later, Cao Cao appointed Sima Lang as the Inspector (刺史) of Yan Province. Sima Lang performed well in office and gained much respect from the people in Yan Province. Despite his accomplishments, however, he never ceased to praise his younger brother, Sima Yi. He went so far as to say, "I don't even come close to matching his abilities."
In the year 217, Sima Lang accompanied Cao Cao's generals Xiahou Dun and Zang Ba on a military campaign against a rival warlord, Sun Quan. During the campaign, an epidemic broke out in the army and many soldiers fell sick. While distributing medicine to the soldiers, Sima Lang caught the disease himself and became ill too. He eventually succumbed to his illness and died.
Sima Lang had a son, Sima Yi (司馬遺; note the different Chinese character for Yi from the one in Sima Yi's name), who died prematurely so he had no heir. However, some time later, Sima Wang, one of Sima Lang's nephews, was transferred to Sima Lang's lineage (i.e. "adopted" as Sima Lang's son) to continue Sima Lang's family line.
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司馬朗(171年 - 217年),字
伯達,河內溫縣(今河南溫縣)人,
東漢末年政治家,官至兗州刺史。次弟為追尊晉宣帝
司馬懿,父司馬防曾任京兆尹。
Read more...: 生平 家族 兒子 孫子 評價 藝術形象 影視 漫畫 參考 註解
生平
司馬朗是司馬儁之孫,司馬防的長子,司馬懿之兄,司馬防共有八個兒子,長子司馬朗、次子司馬懿、三子司馬孚、四子司馬馗、五子司馬恂、六子司馬進、七子司馬通、么子司馬敏,司馬家的八兄弟在當時相當有名,被稱為「八達」。
司馬防年輕時擔任地方官員,歷任洛陽令、京兆尹,年老之後轉任為騎都尉,他對司馬兄弟的管教相當嚴格,父子之間應對的態度很嚴肅。司馬朗九歲時,有客人直接稱呼其父的表字,司馬朗便對那人說:「輕慢他人的親長,就等於是不尊敬自己的親長。」那位客人因此而道歉。
在司馬朗十二歲時,便通過經文考試而成為童子郎,但是當時的監試官覺得司馬朗身體高大強壯,懷疑他匿報年齡,便質問他。司馬朗回答說:「我的祖先代代以來的身材一向都很高大,我雖然弱小不敢和前人相比,亦有志氣不會謊報年齡以求得不正當的名聲。」監試官因此覺得司馬朗果然異於常人。
後來董卓進入洛陽,諸侯們在函谷關關東一帶展開了董卓討伐戰,冀州刺史李邵住在野王,為避戰禍,想搬遷至溫縣,司馬朗認為野王和溫縣其實唇亡齒寒,而且李邵背負人民的期望卻先行逃避,恐怕會造成民心動搖及騷亂。但是李邵不聽其言,果然造生當地民亂,溫縣亦遭到劫掠。
之後董卓挾天子西遷長安,當時司馬防擔任治書御史,應該一起西遷,而司馬防因戰亂四起,因此要長子司馬朗帶著家人返回家鄉溫縣,但是官兵認為司馬朗想要逃亡,便抓住他去見董卓,董卓對司馬朗說:「你和我已去世的兒子同歲,為何要背叛!」司馬朗回答說:「明公以高世之功德輔助天子,清除了宦官的穢亂,舉薦了許多賢士,應該要虛心求教,考慮如何復興治世。但是隨著威德的隆重,功業的著大,而兵災戰亂卻日漸嚴重,地方州郡有如大鼎煮沸一般,連京城的近郊,人民都不能安家樂業,因此要拋棄住家田產,四處流亡躲竄。雖然已在四方關口設置禁令,以重刑加以殺戮處罰,也不能阻止逃亡的風潮,這就是我為什麼會想回故鄉的原因。希望明公仔細思考反省往事,那麼名聲就可像日月一般的榮耀,伊尹和周公也不能相比了。」董卓聽完之後亦說:「我也有這種感悟,你說的很有道理。」
司馬朗知道董卓一定會敗亡,害怕董卓會留下他,便賄賂董卓身邊的辦事官員,以回歸家鄉。回到溫縣之後,司馬朗又向父老長輩們建議,河內郡接近京城,董卓與起義諸侯們之間的戰火一定會波及於此,不如趁道路尚通之時,先到黎陽投靠統領兵馬的鄉里姻親趙威孫,然後觀察時勢。但是父老長輩們都戀舊,不願意跟隨司馬朗離鄉背井,只有趙咨帶著家屬和司馬朗一起前往。數月之後,關東諸州郡起兵,總數達數十萬人,都聚集在滎陽及河內郡,義軍的指揮又難以統一,因此有些士兵便劫掠當地百姓,造成人民的死傷超過半數以上。之後關東義軍解散,曹操與呂布在濮陽對抗,司馬朗才帶著家屬回到溫縣,當年發生饑荒,人民相食,司馬朗召集並安撫宗族,代替父親教訓諸弟,因此司馬家沒有因為衰世而家業敗落。
司馬朗三十二歲時,曹操懷念其父當年的提拔之恩,令司馬朗擔任司空掾屬,(直屬於曹操司空府的官員)受拜為成皋令,但因病去職,後來又復職為堂陽長。司馬朗治理政務相當寬惠,不行鞭笞、杖刑,而受到百姓的愛戴。之後遷任為元城令,又被徵召入京擔任丞相主簿。司馬朗認為漢末的亂世,是因為秦朝取消了五等爵位(公、侯、伯、子、男)的制度,而地方郡國又沒有練兵備戰的緣故,現在雖然不需恢復五等爵位,但可令地方郡國召集常備士兵,既可抵抗外族的侵略,亦可威嚇有不軌之心的亂臣,可以做為長治久安的對策。司馬朗又認為應該恢復井田制度,之前人民長期擁有土地,難以奪取重新分配,現在正值亂世,人民流離失所,土地無主,剛好可以藉機恢復井田制。司馬朗的建議雖然沒有被採納執行,但地方州郡領兵這項政策,原本是出自司馬朗的意見。
後來司馬朗又遷任為兗州刺史,他實施許多政策,都被百姓們稱讚。司馬朗在軍旅之時,亦穿著簡單的衣服,吃粗糙的食物,以身作則帶動節儉的風氣。當時鍾繇、王粲等人發表言論說:「只有聖人才能有太平治世。」司馬朗則說:「伊尹、顏回雖然不是聖人,但是累積其人數世的治理,也能有太平治世。」曹丕很喜歡司馬朗的言論文辭,他稱帝後曾命秘書監手錄其文章。
建安二十二年(217年)時,司馬朗跟隨夏侯惇、臧霸等人征伐孫吳,進行濡須之戰 (217年)。到達居巢時,士兵之間發生嚴重的瘟疫,司馬朗親自巡視士兵病情,給士兵們醫藥,自己卻感染了疾病,因而病死,時年四十七歲。留下遺言說:「國家任命我為刺史,我卻遭到這場瘟疫,來不及立功報效國家,既然我毛病已無法好轉,辜負國家對我的大恩,那麼我去世之後,穿著平常穿的衣服下葬就可以了,你們切勿違背我的遺言。」他去世之後,兗州的人民都相當懷念他。
魏明帝即位之後,封司馬朗之子司馬遺為昌武亭侯,有食邑百戶。司馬朗三弟司馬孚將其次子司馬望過繼給司馬朗。司馬遺去世之後,由司馬望之子司馬洪繼承其嗣。
家族
兒子
• 司馬遺,昌武亭侯,早夭
• 司馬望,司馬朗三弟司馬孚次子,過繼給司馬朗,西晉大司馬、義陽成王
孫子
• 司馬洪,司馬望次子,過繼給司馬遺,西晉河間平王
評價
• 董卓:「卿與吾亡兒同歲,幾大相負!」(《三國志·司馬朗傳》載)
• 陳壽:「自漢季以來,刺史總統諸郡,賦政于外,非若曩時司察之而已。太祖創基,迄終魏業,此皆其流稱譽有名實者也。咸精達事機,威恩兼著,故能肅齊萬里,見述于後也。」(《三國志·魏書·劉司馬梁張溫賈傳第十五》)
藝術形象
影視
• 電視劇《大軍師司馬懿之軍師聯盟》(2017年):李佑偉
• 電視劇《三國機密》(2018年):賈本初
漫畫
• 《火鳳燎原》(陳某):設定於董卓佔據洛陽時登場,為董卓之人質囚禁於洛陽,為「殘兵」所救出,在司馬家被滅門後遊說荀彧協助,於曹呂徐州之戰時協助宋憲、魏續和侯成背叛呂布,兒子司馬遺於赤壁之戰後的襄下之戰中傷重而死。
參考
• 《三國志/卷十五/魏書十五/劉司馬梁張溫賈傳第十五》
註解
The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the
original article.