Background

Li Chengqi was born in 679, during the reign of his grandfather Emperor Gaozong. He was the oldest son of Li Dan, who was then the Prince of Yu, and Li Dan's wife Princess Liu. Sometime after his birth, he was created the Prince of Yongping.

During Emperor Zhongzongs and Emperor Ruizongs first reigns

Emperor Gaozong died in 683 and was succeeded by Li Chengqi's uncle Li Zhe the Crown Prince (as Emperor Zhongzong), but actual power was in the hands of Li Chengqi's grandmother Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian), as empress dowager and regent. In 684, after Emperor Zhongzong showed signs of independence, she deposed him and replaced him with Li Chengqi's father Li Dan (as Emperor Ruizong), but thereafter held onto power even more firmly. After Emperor Ruizong's ascension, Li Chengqi was created crown prince, and his mother Princess Liu was created empress. In 688, when Empress Dowager Wu held a grand ceremony to offer sacrifices to the god of the Luo River (洛水, which flowed near the eastern capital Luoyang), she had Emperor Ruizong and Li Chengqi offer sacrifices after her. She also had them offer sacrifices after her when she, in 689, offered sacrifices to the god of heaven, the past emperors of Tang Dynasty, her father Wu Shihuo (武士彠), and the gods of the five elements.

During Wu Zetians reign

In 690, Empress Dowager Wu had Emperor Ruizong yield the throne to her, establishing a new Zhou Dynasty as Empress Regnant and interrupting Tang Dynasty. Emperor Ruizong was reduced to crown prince, while Li Chengqi was reduced to the title of "imperial grandson" (皇孫). For a while, Li Chengqi and his younger brothers were allowed to establish residences outside the palace, and Li Chengqi was given a staff. As Wu Zetian changed Li Dan's surname to Wu, Li Chengqi also carried the surname of Wu during Wu Zetian's reign.

Things appeared to change in 693, however, after Li Chengqi's mother Crown Princess Liu and Li Dan's concubine Consort Dou were killed by Wu Zetian based on false accusations by the lady in waiting Wei Tuan'er (韋團兒). While Wu Zetian soon discovered that Wei Tuan'er's accusations were false (and executed her), Li Chengqi and his younger brothers were still reduced in their titles and were, along with their cousins Li Guangshun (李光順) the Prince of Yifeng, Li Shouli the Prince of Yong, and Li Shouyi (李守義) the Prince of Yong'an (the sons of their uncle Li Xian (note different character), whom Empress Dowager Wu had forced to commit suicide in 684), held under house arrest in the palace. (In Li Chengqi's case, his title was reduced to Prince of Shouchun.)

During Emperor Zhongzongs second reign and Emperor Shangs reign

Wu Zetian was overthrown in 705 in a coup led by the officials Zhang Jianzhi, Cui Xuanwei, Jing Hui, Huan Yanfan, and Yuan Shuji. The former Emperor Zhongzong, whom Wu Zetian had recalled from exile in 698 and to whom Li Dan had subsequently yielded the position of heir apparent, was restored to the throne. He gave Li Chengqi's father Li Dan great honors and created Li Chengqi the greater title of Prince of Cai, but Li Chengqi declined this greater title and thereafter continued to be Prince of Shouchun.

Emperor Zhongzong died suddenly in 710—a death that traditional historians believed to be a murder carried out by his powerful wife Empress Wei and daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle. Empress Wei made Emperor Zhongzong's son by a concubine, Li Chongmao the Prince of Wen, emperor (as Emperor Shang), but took power as empress dowager, and as part of a number of honors that she conferred on various persons to try to pacify them, Li Chengqi was created the greater title of Prince of Song. Less than a month later, however, a coup led by Li Chengqi's aunt Princess Taiping and younger brother Li Longji the Prince of Linzi killed Empress Dowager Wei and Princess Anle. Princess Taiping subsequently ordered Emperor Shang to yield the throne to Li Dan, who initially declined, but under persuasion by Li Chengqi and Li Longji, accepted.

During Emperor Ruizongs second reign

Emperor Ruizong was immediately faced with the issue of whom to make crown prince—as Li Chengqi, as the oldest son overall and the oldest son of his wife, was the appropriate heir under Confucian principles of succession, but Li Longji had been the one whose accomplishments had allowed him to retake the throne. He hesitated. Li Chengqi declined consideration to be crown prince—stating to his father:

Li Chengqi wept and begged to yield for several days, and after further persuasion by the chancellor Liu Youqiu—who had been part of Li Longji's coup plans—Emperor Ruizong agreed and created Li Longji crown prince. Li Longji submitted a petition offering to yield to Li Chengqi, but Emperor Ruizong rejected it. Li Chengqi was subsequently made a senior advisor to Li Longji, the prefect of the capital prefecture Yong Prefecture (雍州, roughly modern Xi'an, Shaanxi), and nominal commandant at Yang Prefecture (揚州, roughly modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). Later that year, he was briefly made Shangshu Pushe (尚書僕射) -- one of the heads of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng), before he was further given the honorific title Sikong (司空), one of the Three Excellencies.

Princess Taiping, who had already been powerful during Emperor Zhongzong's reign and grew mainly even more powerful and effective after Emperor Ruizong's return to the throne, had initially acquiesced to Li Longji's ascension as crown prince, believing that given his youth (25 at that time) he would be easy to control. However, she soon found him to be strong-willed and difficult to control, and she secretly considered finding some way to replace him with Li Chengqi or Li Shouli (who also could potentially have a legitimate claim for succession given that he was the senior son of Crown Prince Zhanghuai). In 711, under the suggestion of the chancellors Song Jing and Yao Yuanzhi, who supported Li Longji and wanted to eliminate doubt in people's minds about who would succeed Emperor Ruizong, Emperor Ruizong made Li Chengqi the prefect of Tong Prefecture (同州, roughly modern Weinan, Shaanxi) and Li Shouli the prefect of Bin Prefecture (豳州, roughly modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), while sending Princess Taiping and her husband Wu Youji the Duke of Chu to Pu Prefecture (蒲州, roughly modern Yuncheng, Shanxi). However, after Princess Taiping found out and objected, the plan was cancelled, and Song and Yao were demoted out of the capital Chang'an. Later in 711, Emperor Ruizong created a daughter of Li Chengqi the Princess Jinshan and offered to marry her to the khan of Eastern Tujue, Ashina Mochuo, or Ashina Mochuo's son Ashina Yangwozhi (阿史那楊我支) (although Princess Jinshan would ultimately not be married to either). Soon thereafter, Li Chengqi resigned the honorific title of Sikong and again served as Li Longji's advisor. In turn, Li Longji offered to yield the crown prince position to Li Chengqi, an offer that Emperor Ruizong again declined. In 712, Emperor Ruizong passed the throne to Li Longji, who took the throne as Emperor Xuanzong, although Emperor Ruizong continued to retain actual power, as Taishang Huang (retired emperor).

During Emperor Xuanzongs reign

In 713, Emperor Xuanzong, believing that Princess Taiping was about to, along with officials and generals loyal to her, start a coup to overthrow him, acted first, killing officials and generals close to her and then forcing her to commit suicide. Thereafter, Emperor Ruizong transferred full imperial authorities to Emperor Xuanzong, who subsequently conferred on Li Chengqi the honorific titles Kaifu Yitong Sansi (開府儀同三司) and Taiwei (太尉) (also one of the Three Excellencies). It was said that thereafter, Emperor Xuanzong tried to show his love toward his brothers—Li Chengqi, Li Chengyi (李成義) the Prince of Shen, Li Fan (李範) the Prince of Qi, Li Ye (李業) the Prince of Xue—as well as his cousin Li Shouli, who was raised with them, established rooms for them inside the palace to allow them to stay overnight whenever they wished. Emperor Xuanzong and the five princes often spent time together in various activities—discussing Confucian classics, writing poetry, drinking, gambling, gaming, hunting, and playing music (and Li Chengqi, in particular, was known for playing the di and jiegu). Li Chengqi was praised for being humble and careful, and Emperor Xuanzong was therefore respectful and trusting of him. Nevertheless, the officials were concerned that Li Chengqi, Li Shouli, and Li Chengyi (who was also older than Emperor Xuanzong) would become centers of conspiracies, and therefore requested that they be sent out of the capital to be prefects. In 714, Emperor Xuanzong agreed and sent the three princes out of the capital, and Li Chengqi became the prefect of Qi Prefecture (岐州, roughly modern Baoji, Shaanxi). He instructed them to only be concerned about the general policies of the prefectural governments, and to entrust the implementation to the secretaries general and the military advisors. Meanwhile, the princes offered the mansions that they (and Emperor Xuanzong) had previously lived in the Xingqing District (興慶坊) of Chang'an to be the location of a new palace for Emperor Xuanzong, and Emperor Xuanzong accepted and converted the mansions into Xingqing Palace (興慶宮). He built new mansions for the princes near the palace.

In 716, because Emperor Xuanzong's mother Consort Dou had been posthumously honored Empress Zhaocheng, Li Chengqi and Li Chengyi, in order to observe naming taboo, changed their names—Li Chengqi to Li Xian (note different character than his uncle) and Li Chengyi to Li Hui (李撝).

In 719, Li Xian's title was changed to Prince of Ning. Around that time, there was an incident in which Emperor Xuanzong, while on a skyway overseeing the palace, saw a guard who did not finish his meal but instead dumped some of the food in a hole. Angry that the guard was wasting food, he ordered that the guard be battered to death. None of Emperor Xuanzong's attendants dared to speak. However, Li Xian, who was present, calmly stated to Emperor Xuanzong:

Emperor Xuanzong agreed and stated, "If not for you, big brother, I would have killed excessively." He ordered the guard released. Later that day, at a feast, Emperor Xuanzong, in gladness, took off his belt, made of red jade, and awarded it to Li Xian, along with his own horse.

In 721, Li Xian became the minister of rites, a post that he served in until 726, when he again took on the honorific title Kaifu Yitong Sansi. In 733, he was again Taiwei. As the years went by, Emperor Xuanzong's brothers died one by one, with only Li Xian still remaining, and it was said that Emperor Xuanzong valued him even more. Whenever there were tributes submitted by the prefectures and the vassal states, he would always send some of the tributes to Li Xian.

Li Xian died near the new year 742. Emperor Xuanzong greatly mourned him, and, pointing out that Li Xian was initially the proper imperial heir, posthumously honored Li Xian as Emperor Rang and buried him with honors due an emperor. He also posthumously honored Li Xian's wife Princess Yuan as Empress Gong. It was then that Xuanzong changed the era name from Kaiyuan to Tianbao.

In fiction and popular culture

• Portrayed by Lo Chun-shun in The Legend of Lady Yang (2000).

• Portrayed by Eric Li in Deep in the Realm of Conscience (2018).

Ancestry

Notes and references

• Old Book of Tang, vol. 95.https://web.archive.org/web/20080210151403/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/tan11.htm

• New Book of Tang, vol. 81.https://web.archive.org/web/20080219204850/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/ntan13.htm

• Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 203, 204, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214.

生平

李成器初封永平郡王。文明元年（684年），父親李旦登基，是為唐睿宗，李成器以嫡長子立為太子。祖母武則天稱帝，睿宗降為皇嗣，李成器降為皇孫。長壽二年（693年），又降封為壽春郡王。

神龍元年（705年），伯父唐中宗復闢，改封蔡王，不受。唐隆元年（710年），進封宋王。同年，弟李隆基發動政變，奉睿宗即位。乃讓太子位與李隆基，授太子太師，領雍州牧、揚州大都督。旋為左僕射，進司徒。次年，改太子賓客。

李隆基奉父親睿宗為上皇，自即位。李成器進司空。開元元年（713年），由進太尉，表讓，改開府儀同三司。四年，避昭成皇后尊號改名憲，封寧王。歷澤、涇二州刺史。九年，入為太常卿。二十一年再遷太尉。

開元二十九年十一月廿四（742年1月15日）病死，終年六十三歲。玄宗追謚其為讓皇帝，賜天子衣一付，葬惠陵（在今陝西省蒲城縣西北）。其妃元氏也于同年追謚為恭皇后，附葬惠陵之側。

逸事

• 《開元天寶遺事》記載：天寶初年，寧王李憲因為愛花，竟在花梢上繫上金鈴，命令園吏在鳥雀來時拉動鈴鐺以驅之，這個惜花之舉引起許多人仿效。此外寧王喜好聲色，曾有人獻上百炬蠟燭，其質感似臘似脂，不知道是由何物所製造，每當寧王於夜晚大擺席筵，並與賓客們飲酒作樂時，那些蠟燭昏暗得像是有東西擋住光線，但席筵結束又會恢復光明，令當時的人們感到很驚奇。

• 《酉陽雜俎》所記，李憲在鄠縣打獵時，在林中發現被賊僧囚禁于櫃中的莫姓少女，以熊替代少女裝入櫃中，並將莫姓少女進獻于唐玄宗，是為莫才人，後賊僧被熊所殺，京兆尹上報唐玄宗，玄宗知道後大笑，至書寧王：「寧哥大能處置此僧也。」

家庭

妻妾

• 元妃，追尊魏昭成帝拓跋什翼犍十代孫女，陝州長史、贈少師元大簡之女，追尊恭皇后

• 韋貞范，出自京兆韋氏平齊公房，唐朝司門兵吏三部員外郎、給事中、湖州刺史、殿內監、襲平齊公韋德正曾孫女，華州刺史、左羽林大將軍、忠武將軍、左領軍將軍，邛部縣開國公、食邑三百戶韋懷敬孫女，同幽二州參卿韋知□第十女，生十一子李琯

子女

據新唐書記載：憲子十九人，其聞者璡、嗣莊、琳、瑀。

• 李璡，封汝陽郡王，歷太僕卿，天寶初加特進，天寶九年卒，贈太子太師。

• 李嗣莊（704－721）字延敬，封濟陰郡王，早卒。

• 李琳，封嗣寧王，歷秘書員外監，後從玄宗幸蜀郡，至德二年卒。

• 李璹，天寶三載（744年）過繼給二叔李㧑為嗣申王，授鴻臚員外卿。

• 李珣，過繼給二叔李㧑，封同安郡王，開元二十五年薨，玄宗甚悼之，輟朝三日，贈太子少保，陪葬橋陵。外孫女程氏嫁祚坊判官行成都府華陽縣尉李鉥。

• 李瑀，初封隴西郡公，歷都水使者、恆王府司馬、衛尉員外卿。天寶十五年，從玄宗幸蜀，至漢中，封為漢中王，加銀青光祿大夫、漢中郡太守。乾元二年，以特進試太常卿，送寧國公主至回紇。

• 李玢，蒼梧郡開國公，歷銀青光祿大夫、秘書監員外置同正員。卒，贈江陵大都督。

• 李珽，晉昌郡開國公，天寶十一年食邑三千戶。

• 李琯，第十一子，魏郡開國公，天寶十一年食邑三千戶。秘書監，贈太子太傅。子李桿，宗正鴻臚二卿，桂州觀察使兼御史中丞，贈尚書左僕射。李桿子銀青光祿大夫、廣州刺史兼御史大夫、嶺南節度觀察處置等使、上柱國、襲魏郡開國公、食邑二千戶贈工部尚書李從易及李從簡。李從易生李弘度、李弘毅。

• 李璀，文安郡開國公，天寶十一年食邑三千戶。

• 李嗣英，懷寧郡王，食邑三千戶。

• 長女，安吉縣主。

• 某女，金山公主。唐睿宗時，準備下嫁後突厥默啜可汗；唐玄宗即位後，取消婚姻。

影視形象