Life

Jian Yong was from Zhuo Commandery (涿郡), which is in present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei. His original family name was Geng (耿), but in his native You Province (Zhuo Commandery was in You Province), Geng had the same pronunciation as Jian, so he changed his family name to Jian. He was an old acquaintance of Liu Bei and later became one of Liu Bei's subordinates. When Liu Bei was taking shelter in Jing Province in the 3rd century, Jian Yong, along with Mi Zhu and Sun Qian, served as Assistant Officers of the Household under Liu Bei. They usually served as messengers or emissaries for their lord.

In 211, when Liu Bei entered Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) under the pretext of helping its governor Liu Zhang defend his jurisdiction against a rival warlord Zhang Lu, he sent Jian Yong as an emissary to meet Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang favoured Jian Yong. Later, when war broke out between Liu Bei and Liu Zhang, and Liu Bei had gained the upper hand against his rival and had besieged Yi Province's capital Chengdu, Jian Yong was sent to persuade Liu Zhang to give up resistance. Liu Zhang agreed, and, with Jian Yong by his side, he rode out of the city in a chariot to surrender. After occupying Yi Province and setting up his new base in Chengdu in 214, Liu Bei promoted Jian Yong to the position of General of Illustrious Virtue (昭德將軍).

Jian Yong was known for being an excellent debater and speaker. In his writing and speech he was far more extreme in Laozi philosophy than most of Liu Bei's other subjects. He was carefree in his ways and showed little regard for formalities. When he sat down beside Liu Bei, which was odd because even Liu's longterm subjects like Zhang Fei and Mi Zhu always were formal. Jian behaved boldly, ignored proper etiquette, and sat in a manner to make himself feel comfortable. When he attended banquets hosted by Zhuge Liang, he would occupy an entire couch, recline on a pillow, and speak to others in a relaxed position. He did not condescend to anyone.

Once, there was a drought in Yi Province and a law prohibiting alcohol went into effect. People who brewed alcoholic drinks would be punished. Over-zealous officials seized brewing utensils from families and suggested to punish the owners of the utensils as if the owners were as guilty as brewers. When Jian Yong and Liu Bei was inspecting the land, they saw a couple walking past, and Jian said to his lord, "They're planning to commit an indecent act. Why not arrest them?" Liu Bei asked, "How do you know?" Jian Yong replied, "They're equipped with the tools to do so, just as the owners of brewing utensils have the tools to brew alcoholic drinks." Liu Bei laughed and pardoned the families who owned brewing utensils. Such was Jian Yong's wit.

Appraisal

Chen Shou, who wrote Jian Yong's biography in Records of the Three Kingdoms, commented on Jian as follows: "Mi Zhu, Sun Qian, Jian Yong and Yi Ji were refined and cultured persons whose ideas were widely circulated. They were well known for their good observation of the proprieties."

生平

簡雍本姓耿，而幽州人將耿說成簡，便改為姓簡。年少時已與劉備相識。184年黃巾之亂開始，便隨劉備四出奔走。劉備屯駐於荊州時，簡雍與麋竺、孫乾同樣是從事中郎，擔任說客或使者的職務。

211年，劉備入益州幫助劉璋，簡雍同行，劉璋與他見面，十分喜歡簡雍。一年後，雙方決裂，戰事立即爆發。214年劉備將劉璋圍於成都，簡雍被派去游說劉璋投降，劉璋答應，並與簡雍同車出城投降。劉備便拜他為昭德將軍，其待遇僅次於麋竺，與孫乾一樣。

特徵

簡雍擅於議論，能夠從容發表意見。性情簡單直接、不拘小節，與劉備同坐時，亦盤腿而坐，不受劉備的威儀拘束，只求自己的舒適。在諸葛亮所主持的筵會，他也獨佔一榻，靠著枕頭以臥姿對話，不讓自己的姿勢配合其他人。

遇上大旱，蜀漢下令禁酒，釀酒有罪。官吏從民家搜得釀酒器具，朝中有人主張要他們與釀酒的人同罰。簡雍隨劉備一同外出時，看見一對男女走過，簡雍對劉備說：「他們就要做淫亂之事了，怎麼不將他們抓起來？」劉備問道：「你怎麼知道？」簡雍就回答：「他們都有可以淫亂的器具，和那些有釀酒器具的人一樣。」劉備聽罷大笑，就不再追究家藏釀酒器具的民家了。

軼聞

咸豐《簡州志》中有記載關於簡雍的事跡，大致寫了簡雍在牛鞞縣（今四川省成都市代管簡陽市）任職的情況，簡雍在任職的期間，多次召集民眾聚集，恩惠施予眾人，士兵和百姓都非常信賴他，因此這裡的山為賴簡山，這裡的水池為賴簡池。另外，這個史料中還有記載關於賴簡山所在的地位，賴簡山在簡州東北的五十里處的地方，下面有賴簡池。在唐代《元和志》中也有相關的記載，說簡州是隋唐的時候設立的，簡州因為賴簡池而因此得名。從這些相關的史料中我們可以看出，簡雍對簡州做出了很大的貢獻，同時他也是是簡州開山的第一個官員。

在簡陽市中曾經有簡雍的墳墓，但是在修築成渝公路的時候簡雍墓被夷為了平地，墳墓前的石獅和石人都變成了鋪路的地基，原先的簡雍墓已經不復存在了。現在在簡陽市中唯一存在的就是一條叫做「簡雍巷」的水泥路了。

評價

• 陳壽《三國志》評曰:「麋竺、孫乾、簡雍、伊籍，皆雍容風議，見禮於世。」（《三國志·卷三十八·蜀書八·許麋孫簡伊秦傳第八》）

• 郝經：「乾、雍、籍、宓，材咸適用。」（《郝氏續後漢書·卷十八·列傳第十五》）

藝術形象

三國演義

形象與正史相似。與劉備同鄉。隨其周旋，任幕賓。劉備投袁紹，後想要離去，簡雍為其設計脫身。劉璋投降時，以簡雍為使，簡雍坐于車中，有意的傲睨自若，為秦宓所斥責。不久，拜簡雍為昭德將軍。

影視形象

• 中國中央電視台電視劇《三國演義》（1994年）：安基

• 中國電視劇《三國》（2010年）：王大和

• 電視劇《武神趙子龍》（2016年）：吳偉

漫畫形象

• 《蒼天航路》（王欣太）

• 《火鳳燎原》（陳某）:設定於劉備初掌徐州後登場。

腳註