Zhang Shi (張栻 Zhāng Shì, courtesy name Jìngtiān 敬天, pseudonym Nānxuān 南軒, 1133–1181) was a scholar during the
Song Dynasty in China.
He was a native of Mianzhu (綿竹), Sichuan, and son of a distinguished general and statesman, named Zhang Jun (1097–1164), who held the tile of Duke of Yi (益).
After studying under Hu Hong, son of Hu Anguo, Zhang Shi commenced an official career and became aide-de-camp and secretary to his father. In 1164 his father died, and Zhang Shi buried him according to his wish at the foot of Mount Heng in Hunan, remaining in seclusion near the grave for several years. While there he was visited in 1167 by Zhu Xi, and it is said that they spent three days and three nights arguing about the Doctrine of the Mean. The result was that Zhang returned to official life, and became a strong opponent of the Tartars and of the policy of conciliation and concession which had been introduced by Qin Gui. He was alternately promoted and demoted until he died while governor of Zhingzhou in Hubei. He was the author of many treatises and commentaries covering portions of the Confucian Canon, in which he gave expression to doctrines which his friend, Zhu Xi, felt himself called upon to refute. Nevertheless, Zhu Xi held Zhang Shi in high esteem and always spoke of him with admiration. He was canonised as Xuān 宣, and in 1261 was admitted into the Confucian Temple.
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張栻（1133年 - 1180年），
南宋時理學學者。字
敬甫，號
南軒，漢州綿竹縣（今屬四川省）人，仕至右文殿修撰。丞相
張浚（1097—1164）之子。
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生平
張浚之子。張栻用功早慧，博學多才，南宋高宗紹興七年（1137年）張浚謫居永州，張栻從小跟隨父親，十幾歲時就能為父親出謀劃策，幕僚都自愧不如。高宗紹興三十二年（1162年），張浚為江淮東西路宣撫使，以栻為書寫機宜文字。張栻十三歲寫「連州八景」詩，與呂祖謙和朱熹齊名，時稱「東南三賢」。張栻曾師從胡宏，被譽為「聖門有人，吾道幸矣」。學成歸長沙，先後主講嶽麓書院、城南書院。張栻為「湖湘學派」代表人物，與朱熹的「閩學」，呂祖謙的「婺學」鼎足而三。朱熹很敬服張栻：「一則曰，敬夫見識卓然不可及，從游之久，反覆開益為多；一則曰敬夫學問愈高，所見卓然，議論出人表。」范伯崇回憶說：「二先生論《中庸》之義，三日夜而不能合。」
南宋乾道三年（1167年）八月，朱熹從福建武夷山趕到湖南長沙向張栻求學，與張栻討論《中庸》之義。張栻認為「理」是世界的本原，「理之自然謂之天，命於人為性，主於性為心」，並且讚揚周敦頤的主靜：「專於敬字上勉力，愈覺周子主靜之意為有味。」淳熙元年（1174年）起知靜江府，廣南西路安撫經略使。淳熙五年（1178年），任荊湖北路安撫使。淳熙七年（1180年）卒，謚「宣」。
張栻政治上誓不與秦檜為伍，力主抗金，學術上雖承二程，但有別于二程。《宋史·道學傳序》稱：「張栻之學，亦出程氏，既見朱熹，相與博約，又大進焉！」主要著作有：《論語解》、《孟子說》、《洙泗言仁》、《諸葛忠武侯傳》、《經世編年》等。事見《晦庵集》卷八九《右文殿修撰張公神道碑》。
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